{ "title": "Language research", "chapters": [ { "number": 1, "title": "Mantra, mindfulness and molecular biology", "topics": [ { "id": "i", "title": "Mantra meditation: cognition, creativity, mental health and cardiovascular outcomes", "trustScore": 2, "sourcePage": 4, "papers": [ { "id": "language-i-pmid-16772250", "recordId": "pmid-16772250", "title": "Effects of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Transcendental Meditation on Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Subjects With Coronary Heart Disease", "journal": "JAMA Internal Medicine", "year": 2006, "authors": "Paul-Labrador M, Polk D, Dwyer JH, Velasquez I, Nidich S, Rainforth M, Schneider R, Merz CN.", "design": "randomised controlled trial, single blind", "urls": [ "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/410453" ], "quotes": [], "citationCount": 307, "sourcePages": [ 4 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Methods & context" ], "doi": "10.1001/archinte.166.11.1218", "pmid": "16772250", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed randomized trial and single-blind methods.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16772250/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.11.1218", "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/410453" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-i-pmid-23149426", "recordId": "pmid-23149426", "title": "Stress Reduction in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Randomized, Controlled Trial of Transcendental Meditation and Health Education in Blacks", "journal": "Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes", "year": 2012, "authors": "Schneider RH, Grim CE, Rainforth MV, Kotchen T, Nidich SI, Gaylord-King C, Salerno JW, Kotchen JM, Alexander CN.", "design": "randomised controlled trial, single blind", "urls": [ "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.967406" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“This randomized, controlled trial found that a selected mind–body, stress reduction intervention, the TM program, significantly reduced risk for mortality, MI, and stroke in black men and women with coronary heart disease.”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 222, "sourcePages": [ 4 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Methods & context" ], "doi": "10.1161/circoutcomes.112.967406", "pmid": "23149426", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Randomized controlled design recorded in the publication-specific design or bibliographic indexing.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23149426/", "https://doi.org/10.1161/circoutcomes.112.967406", "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.967406" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-i-src-56e515aacddb", "recordId": "src-56e515aacddb", "title": "A Randomized Controlled Trial on Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Blood Pressure, Psychological Distress, and Coping in Young Adults", "journal": "American Journal of Hypertension", "year": null, "authors": "", "design": "randomised controlled trial, single blind", "urls": [ "https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/22/12/1326/182024" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“This is the first randomised controlled trial to demonstrate that a selected mind–body intervention, the transcendental meditation program, decreased blood pressure in association with decreased psychological distress, and increased coping in young adults at risk for hypertension.”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 197, "sourcePages": [ 4 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Heart rate & autonomic" ], "doi": null, "pmid": null, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "Randomized controlled design recorded in the publication-specific design or bibliographic indexing.", "sources": [ "https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/22/12/1326/182024" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-i-pmid-17274213", "recordId": "pmid-17274213", "title": "Effectiveness of Transcendental Meditation on Functional Capacity and Quality of Life of African Americans with Congestive Heart Failure: A Randomized Control Study", "journal": "Ethnicity and Disease", "year": 2007, "authors": "Jayadevappa R, Johnson JC, Bloom BS, Nidich S, Desai S, Chhatre S, Raziano DB, Schneider R.", "design": "randomised controlled trial, single blind", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2048830/" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“Results indicate that TM can be effective in improving the quality of life and functional capacity of African American congestive heart failure patients.”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 142, "sourcePages": [ 5 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Methods & context" ], "doi": null, "pmid": "17274213", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Randomized controlled design recorded in the publication-specific design or bibliographic indexing.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17274213/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2048830/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-i-pmid-24107199", "recordId": "pmid-24107199", "title": "Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Technique on Trait Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "journal": "The Journal of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine", "year": 2014, "authors": "Orme-Johnson DW, Barnes VA.", "design": "Randomized Controlled Trials", "urls": [ "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/acm.2013.0204" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“Overall, TM practice is more effective than treatment as usual and most alternative treatments, with greatest effects observed in individuals with high anxiety.”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 139, "sourcePages": [ 5 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.1089/acm.2013.0204", "pmid": "24107199", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; 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no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-i-pmid-24626068", "recordId": "pmid-24626068", "title": "Effect of Transcendental Meditation on Employee Stress, Depression, and Burnout: A Randomized Controlled Study", "journal": "The Permanente Journal", "year": 2014, "authors": "Elder C, Nidich S, Moriarty F, Nidich R.", "design": "Randomized Controlled Study", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3951026/" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“The results of this randomized controlled study indicate that the TM program was effective at four-month follow-up in reducing psychological distress and burnout in employees working in a therapeutic school for students with behavioral problems.”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 100, "sourcePages": [ 5 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.7812/tpp/13-102", "pmid": "24626068", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Randomized controlled design recorded in the publication-specific design or bibliographic indexing.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24626068/", "https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/13-102", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3951026/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-i-pmid-14743579", "recordId": "pmid-14743579", "title": "The cumulative effects of Transcendental Meditation on cognitive function — a systematic review of randomised controlled trials", "journal": "Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift", "year": 2003, "authors": "Canter PH, Ernst E.", "design": "randomised controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03040500" ], "quotes": [], "citationCount": 95, "sourcePages": [ 6 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Brain & nervous system" ], "doi": "10.1007/bf03040500", "pmid": "14743579", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; a qualifying randomized controlled design is not established in the reviewed record.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14743579/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03040500", "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03040500" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-i-src-2c770034898e", "recordId": "src-2c770034898e", "title": "mantra meditation research via David Lynch Foundation", "journal": "", "year": null, "authors": "", "design": "Research bibliography", "urls": [ "https://www.davidlynchfoundation.org/research.html" ], "quotes": [], "citationCount": null, "sourcePages": [ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Methods & context" ], "doi": null, "pmid": null, "bibliography": [ { "kind": "heading", "text": "Education", "originalHeading": "Benefits to Education" }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "1. 21% increase in high school graduation rate, Education 133 (4): 495-500, 2013" }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "2. 10% improvement in test scores and GPA, Education 131: 556–565, 2011" }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "3. 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L’Encéphale [The Brain] 10 (1984): 139–144." }, { "kind": "heading", "text": "Stress Hormone (Plasma Cortisol)", "originalHeading": "Decreased Stress Hormone (Plasma Cortisol)" }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "1. Hormones and Behavior 10(1)(1978): 54–60." }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "2. Journal of Biomedicine 1 (1980): 73–88." }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "3. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 7 (1980): 75–76." }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "4. Experientia 34 (1978): 618–619." }, { "kind": "heading", "text": "Stability of the Autonomic Nervous System", "originalHeading": "Increased Stability of the Autonomic Nervous System" }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "1. Psychosomatic Medicine 35 (1973): 341–349." }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "2. Psychosomatic Medicine 44 (1982): 133–153." }, { "kind": "heading", "text": "Response to Stress", "originalHeading": "Healthier Response to Stress" }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "1. 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Hypertension 26 (1995): 820-827." }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "2. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989): 950–964." }, { "kind": "heading", "text": "Insomnia", "originalHeading": "Decreased Insomnia" }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "1. The New Zealand Family Physician 9 (1982): 62–65." }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "2. Journal of Counseling and Development 64 (1986): 212–215." }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "3. Japanese Journal of Public Health 37 (1990): 729." }, { "kind": "heading", "text": "Family Life", "originalHeading": "Healthier Family Life" }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "1. Psychological Reports 51 (1982): 887–890." }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "2. Journal of Counseling and Development 64 (1986): 212–215" }, { "kind": "heading", "text": "Health Insurance Utilization Rates", "originalHeading": "Lower Health Insurance Utilization Rates" }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "1. Psychosomatic Medicine 49 (1987) 493-507." }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "2. American Journal of Health Promotion 10 (1996) 208-216." }, { "kind": "heading", "text": "Mind-Body Coordination", "originalHeading": "Improved Mind-Body Coordination" }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "1. Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986) 161-164." }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "2. Perceptual and Motor Skills 46 (1978) 726." }, { "kind": "reference", "text": "3. Perceptual and Motor Skills 38 (1974) 1263-1268." } ], "bibliographyAttribution": "David Lynch Foundation research bibliography", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "Publication-specific design or publication status remains unconfirmed.", "sources": [ "https://www.davidlynchfoundation.org/research.html" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-i-pmid-36427257", "recordId": "pmid-36427257", "title": "Mantram repetition and psychological distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "journal": "Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing", "year": 2023, "authors": "Schneider JK, Abdullahi SG, Easton SD, Willis DG.", "design": "Systematic review + meta-analysis", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36427257/", "https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12886" ], "quotes": [], "citationCount": null, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.1111/jpm.12886", "pmid": "36427257", "summary": "Across the eligible comparison studies, mantram repetition produced a small pooled reduction in psychological distress.", "limitation": "Only four of 12 retrieved studies measured distress with comparison groups.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; a qualifying randomized controlled design is not established in the reviewed record.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36427257/", "https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12886" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-i-pmid-38327501", "recordId": "pmid-38327501", "title": "Randomized controlled trials of mind-body interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "year": 2023, "authors": "Kaplan J, Somohano VC, Zaccari B, O'Neil ME.", "design": "Systematic review of RCTs", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38327501/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219296" ], "quotes": [], "citationCount": null, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219296", "pmid": "38327501", "summary": "Meditation- and mantra-based interventions had moderate strength of evidence versus passive controls in the PTSD trial record reviewed by VA-affiliated researchers.", "limitation": "Comparator quality, heterogeneous measures and limited objective outcomes constrain interpretation.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; a qualifying randomized controlled design is not established in the reviewed record.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38327501/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219296" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-i-pmid-35329068", "recordId": "pmid-35329068", "title": "Effectiveness of Mantra-Based Meditation on Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "journal": "International journal of environmental research and public health", "year": 2022, "authors": "Álvarez-Pérez Y, Rivero-Santana A, Perestelo-Pérez L, Duarte-Díaz A, Ramos-García V, Toledo-Chávarri A, Torres-Castaño A, León-Salas B, Infante-Ventura D, González-Hernández N, Rodríguez-Rodríguez L, Serrano-Aguilar P.", "design": "Systematic review + meta-analysis", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35329068/", "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063380" ], "quotes": [], "citationCount": null, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.3390/ijerph19063380", "pmid": "35329068", "summary": "RCT evidence showed small-to-moderate reductions in anxiety, depression, stress and post-traumatic stress for mantra-based meditation.", "limitation": "The review found risk of bias and too few psychiatric samples or long-term follow-ups.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; a qualifying randomized controlled design is not established in the reviewed record.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35329068/", "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063380" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-i-portal-b171bb6d1a29", "recordId": "portal-b171bb6d1a29", "title": "Transcendental Meditation versus exposure therapy in veterans with PTSD", "journal": "The Lancet Psychiatry / U.S. DoD funded", "year": 2018, "authors": "", "design": "Anchor randomised controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30449712/" ], "quotes": [], "citationCount": null, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30384-5", "pmid": null, "summary": "In 203 veterans, Transcendental Meditation was non-inferior to prolonged exposure therapy for change in clinician-assessed PTSD symptoms at three months.", "limitation": "One trial of a structured 12-session practice; it does not test passive or sub-audible mantra delivery.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "Randomized controlled design recorded in the publication-specific design or bibliographic indexing.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30449712/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Individual Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Using Mantram Repetition: A Randomized Clinical Trial.", "journal": "The American journal of psychiatry", "year": 2018, "authors": "Bormann JE, Thorp SR, Smith E, Glickman M, Beck D, Plumb D, Zhao S, Ackland PE, Rodgers CS, Heppner P, Herz LR, Elwy AR.", "design": "Single-blind randomized controlled trial (outcome assessors blinded)", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29921143/", "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17060611" ], "doi": "10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17060611", "pmid": "29921143", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 45, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 45, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29921143" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29921143/", "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17060611" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Mantram repetition programme", "comparator": "Present-centred therapy", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29921143/", "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17060611" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29921143" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-i-pmid-29921143", "recordId": "pmid-29921143", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "A two-site trial in 173 veterans found greater clinician-rated PTSD improvement with an eight-week mantram programme than present-centred therapy; the between-group CAPS difference was approximately ten points. Insomnia also improved.", "limitation": "Participants knew the intervention received. Not every responder measure differed, and results apply to taught mantram practice rather than passive or sub-audible delivery.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29921143/", "https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17060611" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Effects of spiritual mantram repetition on HIV outcomes: a randomized controlled trial.", "journal": "Journal of behavioral medicine", "year": 2006, "authors": "Bormann JE, Gifford AL, Shively M, Smith TL, Redwine L, Kelly A, Becker S, Gershwin M, Bone P, Belding W.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847590/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9063-6" ], "doi": "10.1007/s10865-006-9063-6", "pmid": "16847590", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 64, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 64, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16847590" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847590/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9063-6" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Mantram repetition programme", "comparator": "Attention control", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847590/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9063-6" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/mfn6d9vx", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16847590" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-i-pmid-16847590", "recordId": "pmid-16847590", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "Among 93 adults living with HIV, mantram repetition improved trait anger and selected spiritual-wellbeing measures relative to an attention-control programme.", "limitation": "Benefits were outcome-specific. Associations between practice frequency and improvement are observational within the trial and do not establish a dose-response effect or an HIV disease-modifying benefit.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847590/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9063-6" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "A spiritually based group intervention for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: feasibility study.", "journal": "Journal of holistic nursing : official journal of the American Holistic Nurses' Association", "year": 2008, "authors": "Bormann JE, Thorp S, Wetherell JL, Golshan S.", "design": "Randomized feasibility trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18356284/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010107311276", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4083747/" ], "doi": "10.1177/0898010107311276", "pmid": "18356284", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 50, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 50, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18356284" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18356284/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010107311276", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4083747/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Mantram repetition programme", "comparator": "Delayed treatment", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18356284/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010107311276", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4083747/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/qswmcd6x", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18356284" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-i-pmid-18356284", "recordId": "pmid-18356284", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "A small mantram study in combat veterans reported promising effects on PTSD symptoms, distress and quality of life, with 29 of 33 enrolled participants completing the study.", "limitation": "This feasibility study used a delayed-treatment comparison and imprecise small-sample estimates. It provides a development signal rather than definitive clinical effectiveness evidence.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18356284/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010107311276", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4083747/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Mindful attention increases and mediates psychological outcomes following mantram repetition practice in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.", "journal": "Medical care", "year": 2014, "authors": "Bormann JE, Oman D, Walter KH, Johnson BD.", "design": "Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25397817/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000000200" ], "doi": "10.1097/mlr.0000000000000200", "pmid": "25397817", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 43, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 43, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/25397817" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25397817/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000000200" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Mantram repetition programme", "comparator": "Treatment as usual", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25397817/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000000200" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/3x2gcvks", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/25397817" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "relationshipNote": "Secondary publication from the 146-veteran mantram trial" }, "id": "language-i-pmid-25397817", "recordId": "pmid-25397817", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In a 146-veteran trial, adding mantram repetition to usual care increased mindful attention; changes in mindful attention statistically mediated improvements in PTSD symptoms, depression and wellbeing.", "limitation": "This is a secondary mechanistic analysis of the underlying trial. Statistical mediation does not prove the causal mechanism, and the comparison did not isolate attention or expectancy effects.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25397817/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000000200" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Targeting hyperarousal: Mantram Repetition Program for PTSD in US veterans.", "journal": "European journal of psychotraumatology", "year": 2019, "authors": "Crawford JN, Talkovsky AM, Bormann JE, Lang AJ.", "design": "Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31632617/", "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1665768", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781252/" ], "doi": "10.1080/20008198.2019.1665768", "pmid": "31632617", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 17, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 17, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31632617" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31632617/", "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1665768", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781252/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Mantram repetition programme", "comparator": "Nonspecific psychotherapy", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31632617/", "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1665768", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781252/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/vzgxw5jt", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31632617" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "relationshipNote": "Parent publication PMID 29921143" }, "id": "language-i-pmid-31632617", "recordId": "pmid-31632617", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In the 173-veteran mantram trial, hyperarousal improved more than with nonspecific psychotherapy, with effect sizes of 0.57 after treatment and 0.52 at follow-up.", "limitation": "This reuses the cohort reported in PMID 29921143 and is not an independent replication. Mediation analyses support a hypothesis about hyperarousal, not proof of an exclusive mechanism.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31632617/", "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1665768", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781252/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "An Internet Mantram Repetition Program to Promote Well-being in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.", "journal": "Integrative cancer therapies", "year": 2024, "authors": "Hulett JM, Cheng AL, Bormann JE, Anbari AB, Armer JM, Hartman BM, Ann Bettencourt B, Sherwin LB, Sperling EL, Narkthong N, Reinero C, Rindt H, Schreiber K, Peterson LL, Albright E.", "design": "Randomized feasibility trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39427264/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/15347354241290504", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11494668/" ], "doi": "10.1177/15347354241290504", "pmid": "39427264", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report", "Molecular biomarkers" ], "citationCount": 1, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 1, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39427264" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39427264/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/15347354241290504", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11494668/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Mantram repetition programme", "comparator": "Waitlist", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39427264/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/15347354241290504", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11494668/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/pm93jqwd", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39427264" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-i-pmid-39427264", "recordId": "pmid-39427264", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "A 26-person internet mantram pilot in breast-cancer survivors established delivery feasibility and reported exploratory changes in stress, spiritual wellbeing and selected serum cytokines.", "limitation": "Clinical and cytokine outcomes were secondary. Pooled pre/post stress changes do not establish a randomised between-group effect; the small cytokine subset requires replication and measured proteins rather than gene expression.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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The older, short-duration trial does not establish sustained cardiovascular-event reduction or replacement of antihypertensive care.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7591024/", "https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.26.5.820" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Transcendental Meditation as Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans.", "journal": "Journal of traumatic stress", "year": 2022, "authors": "Bellehsen M, Stoycheva V, Cohen BH, Nidich S.", "design": "Single-blind randomized controlled pilot trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734493/", "https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22665" ], "doi": "10.1002/jts.22665", "pmid": "33734493", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 15, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 15, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33734493" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734493/", "https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22665" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Transcendental Meditation", "comparator": "Treatment as usual", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734493/", "https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22665" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/56b8fwvc", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33734493" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-i-pmid-33734493", "recordId": "pmid-33734493", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 40 veterans with PTSD, Transcendental Meditation reduced clinician-rated symptoms more than usual care over 12 weeks. Half of the meditation group no longer met PTSD criteria, compared with 10% of controls.", "limitation": "A small pilot with usual-care comparison. Anger and quality of life did not differ significantly; this does not establish equivalence to trauma-focused psychotherapy.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734493/", "https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22665" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Reduced Trauma Symptoms and Perceived Stress in Male Prison Inmates through the Transcendental Meditation Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial.", "journal": "The Permanente journal", "year": 2016, "authors": "Nidich S, O'connor T, Rutledge T, Duncan J, Compton B, Seng A, Nidich R.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27723444/", "https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/16-007", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5101089/" ], "doi": "10.7812/tpp/16-007", "pmid": "27723444", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 19, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 19, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27723444" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27723444/", "https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/16-007", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5101089/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Transcendental Meditation", "comparator": "Usual care", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27723444/", "https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/16-007", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5101089/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/tm3qbk5k", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27723444" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-i-pmid-27723444", "recordId": "pmid-27723444", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 181 male prisoners, Transcendental Meditation reduced self-reported trauma symptoms and perceived stress relative to usual care after four months.", "limitation": "The control did not match instructor attention. Self-reported trauma symptoms are distinct from independently confirmed PTSD remission, and findings do not establish an effect on reoffending.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27723444/", "https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/16-007", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5101089/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Randomized controlled trial of stress reduction with meditation and health education in black men and women with high normal and normal blood pressure.", "journal": "American journal of preventive cardiology", "year": 2021, "authors": "Schneider RH, Grim C, Kotchen T, Marwaha K, Kotchen J, Salerno JW, King CG, Nidich S, Alexander CN.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34729544/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100279", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8546372/" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100279", "pmid": "34729544", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 11, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 11, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34729544" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34729544/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100279", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8546372/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Mantram repetition programme", "comparator": "Health education", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34729544/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100279", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8546372/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/vpmdnxwn", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34729544" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-i-pmid-34729544", "recordId": "pmid-34729544", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "Among 304 Black adults stratified by baseline blood pressure, meditation reduced systolic pressure by approximately 3.3 mmHg relative to health education in the high-normal-pressure group.", "limitation": "The benefit did not extend to the normal-pressure group or diastolic pressure. Hypertension-event differences were not significant, so the result is subgroup- and endpoint-specific.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078959/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/nna.0000000000001372" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Transcendental Meditation", "comparator": "Delayed instruction", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078959/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/nna.0000000000001372" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/f7nj68c6", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38078959" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-i-pmid-38078959", "recordId": "pmid-38078959", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "A 104-nurse trial across three hospitals reported improved wellbeing and lower burnout, anxiety and PTSD symptoms after Transcendental Meditation compared with delayed instruction.", "limitation": "The waitlist comparison leaves attention and expectancy effects unresolved. Outcomes were self-reported over three months; effects on patient care were not established.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41642087/", "https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2025.2611927" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Transcendental Meditation", "comparator": "Waitlist", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41642087/", "https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2025.2611927" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/3sm6c9dw", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41642087" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-i-pmid-41642087", "recordId": "pmid-41642087", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 199 women living in poverty in Uganda, three months of Transcendental Meditation reduced perceived stress, anger and fatigue and improved self-efficacy and sleep quality relative to waitlist.", "limitation": "The trial relied on self-report and a waitlist comparator. Later reports of improved relationships or responses to domestic violence are not evidence that meditation prevents violence.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41642087/", "https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2025.2611927" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Improving happiness, resilience, and self-efficacy while reducing stress for rural Lebanese women using the Transcendental Meditation practice: A randomized controlled trial.", "journal": "Women's health (London, England)", "year": 2026, "authors": "Loiselle M, Travis F.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42640862/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057261479602", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13519192/" ], "doi": "10.1177/17455057261479602", "pmid": "42640862", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 0, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 0, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42640862" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42640862/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057261479602", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13519192/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Transcendental Meditation", "comparator": "Comparison group described as active waitlist", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42640862/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057261479602", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13519192/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/f26tjj9k", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42640862" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-i-pmid-42640862", "recordId": "pmid-42640862", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 114 rural Lebanese women, three months of Transcendental Meditation improved stress, happiness, resilience and self-efficacy relative to the comparison group.", "limitation": "Short follow-up and self-reported outcomes limit generalisation. Replication with longer follow-up and appraisal of investigator affiliations are important for assessing confidence.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-ii-pmid-26181573", "recordId": "pmid-26181573", "title": "Regular Yoga Practice Improves Antioxidant Status, Immune Function, and Stress Hormone Releases in Young Healthy People: A Randomized, Double Blind, Controlled Pilot Study", "journal": "The Journal of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine", "year": 2015, "authors": "Lim SA, Cheong KJ.", "design": "randomised controlled trial, double blind", "urls": [ "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.0044" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“Regular yoga practice remarkably attenuated oxidative stress and improved antioxidant levels of the body.”", "emphasis": false } ], [ { "text": "“Yoga practice also significantly increased immune-related cytokines, such as interleukin-12”", "emphasis": false } ], [ { "text": "“Moreover, yoga beneficially affected stress hormone releases as well as partially improved immune function”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 57, "sourcePages": [ 11 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Molecular biomarkers" ], "doi": "10.1089/acm.2014.0044", "pmid": "26181573", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 3, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "double", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed randomized trial and double-blind methods.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26181573/", "https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0044", "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.0044" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; 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no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The paper reports that blinded study staff collected post-treatment measures and blood samples.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3635809/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22820409/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.006" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true } }, { "id": "language-ii-pmid-30083522", "recordId": "pmid-30083522", "title": "Pilot Study on Epigenetic Response to A Mind-Body Treatment", "journal": "Translational medicine @ UniSa", "year": 2017, "authors": "Cozzolino M, Guarino F, Castiglione S, Cicatelli A, Celia G.", "design": "Uncontrolled pre/post pilot study", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6067070/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30083522/" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“DNA epigenetic status of the subjects was affected by the MBT-T mind-body therapeutic protocol treatment.”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 9, "sourcePages": [ 12 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Epigenetics" ], "doi": null, "pmid": "30083522", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; 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A Systematic Review of Gene Expression Changes Induced by Meditation and Related Practices", "journal": "Frontiers in Immunology", "year": 2017, "authors": "Buric I, Farias M, Jong J, Mee C, Brazil IA.", "design": "randomised controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00670/full" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“The results of 18 studies that used gene expression analysis in research on meditation and related MBIs have overall found downregulation of NF- κ B-targeted genes, which can be understood as the reversal of the molecular signature of the effects of chronic stress”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 121, "sourcePages": [ 12 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2017.00670", "pmid": "28670311", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; a qualifying randomized controlled design is not established in the reviewed record.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28670311/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00670", "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00670/full" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-ii-src-e9b23a765f28", "recordId": "src-e9b23a765f28", "title": "Yogic meditation reverses NF- κ B and IRF-related transcriptome dynamics in leukocytes of family dementia caregivers in a randomized controlled trial", "journal": "Psychoneuroendocrinology", "year": null, "authors": "", "design": "randomised controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453012002260?via=ihub" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“A brief daily yogic meditation intervention may reverse the pattern of increased NF- κ B-related transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased IRF1-related transcription of innate antiviral response genes previously observed in healthy individuals confronting a significant life stressor”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 219, "sourcePages": [ 13 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression", "Molecular biomarkers" ], "doi": null, "pmid": null, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "Randomized controlled design recorded in the publication-specific design or bibliographic indexing.", "sources": [ "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453012002260?via=ihub" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-ii-pmid-24703167", "recordId": "pmid-24703167", "title": "Yoga reduces inflammatory signaling in fatigued breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial", "journal": "Psychoneuroendocrinology", "year": 2014, "authors": "Bower JE, Greendale G, Crosswell AD, Garet D, Sternlieb B, Ganz PA, Irwin MR, Olmstead R, Arevalo J, Cole SW.", "design": "randomised controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453014000444?via=ihub" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“A 12-week restorative Iyengar yoga intervention reduced inflammation-related gene expression in breast cancer survivors with persistent fatigue. These findings suggest that a targeted yoga program may have beneficial effects on inflammatory activity in this patient population, with potential relevance for behavioral and physical health.”", "emphasis": false } ], [ { "text": "“the yoga group showed reduced activity of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κ B)”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 181, "sourcePages": [ 13 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression", "Molecular biomarkers" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.019", "pmid": "24703167", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Randomized controlled design recorded in the publication-specific design or bibliographic indexing.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24703167/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.019", "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453014000444?via=ihub" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-ii-doi-0bf0e1873d286226", "recordId": "doi-0bf0e1873d286226", "title": "Impact of mindfulness based stress reduction on sperm DNA damage", "journal": "Journal of the Anatomical Society of India", "year": 2018, "authors": "Surabhi Gautam; Bhavna Chawla; Shilpa Bisht; Madhuri Tolahunase; Rima Dada", "design": "randomised controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003277818300583" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“A 4-week mindfulness based stress reduction resulted in significant improvement in sperm DNA integrity and regulation of oxidative stress may affect the sperm epigenome”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 6, "sourcePages": [ 13 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Epigenetics", "Genetics & genomics" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.jasi.2018.07.003", "pmid": null, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Randomized controlled design recorded in the publication-specific design or bibliographic indexing.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2018.07.003", "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003277818300583" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-ii-pmid-15750361", "recordId": "pmid-15750361", "title": "Genomic profiling of neutrophil transcripts in Asian Qigong practitioners: a pilot study in gene regulation by mind-body interaction", "journal": "Journal of Alternative and Complimentary Medicine", "year": 2005, "authors": "Li QZ, Li P, Garcia GE, Johnson RJ, Feng L.", "design": "", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15750361/" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“Qigong practice may regulate immunity, metabolic rate, and cell death, possibly at the transcriptional level. Our pilot study provides the first evidence that Qigong practice may exert transcriptional regulation at a genomic level”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 66, "sourcePages": [ 14 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression", "Genetics & genomics" ], "doi": "10.1089/acm.2005.11.29", "pmid": "15750361", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; a qualifying randomized controlled design is not established in the reviewed record.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15750361/", "https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2005.11.29" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-ii-pmid-29306937", "recordId": "pmid-29306937", "title": "The Effects of Stress and Meditation on the Immune System, Human Microbiota, & Epigenetics", "journal": "Adv Mind Body Med", "year": 2017, "authors": "Househam AM, Peterson CT, Mills PJ, Chopra D.", "design": "", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29306937/" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“Meditation helps regulate the stress response, thereby suppressing chronic inflammation states and maintaining a healthy gut-barrier function. Conclusions The current research team recommends the integration of meditation into conventional health care and wellness models”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 32, "sourcePages": [ 14 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Epigenetics", "Molecular biomarkers", "Methods & context" ], "doi": null, "pmid": "29306937", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; a qualifying randomized controlled design is not established in the reviewed record.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29306937/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-ii-src-be597886099b", "recordId": "src-be597886099b", "title": "The impact of psychological distress during pregnancy on the developing fetus: biological mechanisms and the potential benefits of mindfulness interventions", "journal": "Journal of Perinatal Medicine", "year": null, "authors": "", "design": "", "urls": [ "https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jpme.2017.45.issue-9/jpm-2016-0189/jpm-2016-0189.xml" ], "quotes": [], "citationCount": 29, "sourcePages": [ 14 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Methods & context" ], "doi": null, "pmid": null, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "Publication-specific design or publication status remains unconfirmed.", "sources": [ "https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jpme.2017.45.issue-9/jpm-2016-0189/jpm-2016-0189.xml" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-ii-pmid-12853721", "recordId": "pmid-12853721", "title": "The bioinformatics of psychosocial genomics in alternative and complementary medicine", "journal": "Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd", "year": 2003, "authors": "Rossi E.", "design": "", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12853721/" ], "quotes": [], "citationCount": 12, "sourcePages": [ 14 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Genetics & genomics" ], "doi": "10.1159/000072212", "pmid": "12853721", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; a qualifying randomized controlled design is not established in the reviewed record.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12853721/", "https://doi.org/10.1159/000072212" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-ii-pmid-23613970", "recordId": "pmid-23613970", "title": "Rapid gene expression changes in peripheral blood lymphocytes upon practice of a comprehensive yoga program", "journal": "PLoS One", "year": 2013, "authors": "Qu S, Olafsrud SM, Meza-Zepeda LA, Saatcioglu F.", "design": "", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3629142/" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“there are rapid (within 2 hours of start of practice) and significant gene expression changes in PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells of practitioners during a comprehensive yoga program. These data suggest that previously reported effects of yoga practices have an integral physiological component at the molecular level which is initiated immediately during practice and may form the basis for the long term stable effects”", "emphasis": false } ] ], "citationCount": 99, "sourcePages": [ 14 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0061910", "pmid": "23613970", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; a qualifying randomized controlled design is not established in the reviewed record.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23613970/", "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061910", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3629142/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-ii-pmid-18596974", "recordId": "pmid-18596974", "title": "Genomic counter-stress changes induced by the relaxation response", "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2008, "authors": "Dusek JA, Otu HH, Wohlhueter AL, Bhasin M, Zerbini LF, Joseph MG, Benson H, Libermann TA.", "design": "Gene-expression study; nonrandomized comparisons", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2432467/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18596974/", "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002576", "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172845" ], "quotes": [ [ { "text": "“This study provides the first compelling evidence that the RR relaxation response elicits specific gene expression changes in short-term and long-term practitioners. 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The baseline recording calibrated the mapping." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-04", "recordId": "pmid-41269211", "summary": "Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.", "limitation": "The candle flame changed with measured heart rate. The baseline recording calibrated the mapping.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41269211/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Using a Biofeedback-Based Mindfulness Practice System to Enhance Mindfulness and Alleviate Anxiety in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "doi": "10.1089/g4h.2024.0041", "pmid": "38808471", "journal": "", "year": 2024, "authors": "", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2024.0041" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Respiration", "relationshipNote": "The MindJourney system returned respiratory feedback. Skin conductance was a measurement outcome." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-05", "recordId": "pmid-38808471", "summary": "Separate short-session and four-week samples included 34 and 38 students respectively. Anxiety improved against the controls in both experiments. Four-week results also favoured the system on selected mindfulness facets.", "limitation": "The MindJourney system returned respiratory feedback. Skin conductance was a measurement outcome.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Separate short-session and four-week samples included 34 and 38 students respectively. Anxiety improved against the controls in both experiments. Four-week results also favoured the system on selected mindfulness facets.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2024.0041" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Separate short-session and four-week samples included 34 and 38 students respectively. Anxiety improved against the controls in both experiments. Four-week results also favoured the system on selected mindfulness facets.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38808471/", "https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2024.0041" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Designing Mindfulness Practice System Based on Biofeedback in VR Environment", "doi": "10.1115/DETC2022-91254", "pmid": null, "journal": "Volume 2: 42nd Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (CIE)", "year": 2022, "authors": "Li Shuo, Zheng Hongtao, Ge Yang, Yuan Wenyu, Han Ting", "design": "Design or demonstration", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2022-91254" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Design or demonstration", "measurement": "Respiration · Movement", "relationshipNote": "The system used continuous breathing cues and intermittent head-orientation feedback. Related to the MindJourney college paper." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-06", "recordId": "lab-b2e87b36eea919", "summary": "The design paper compares continuous breathing cues with intermittent head-orientation feedback for young beginners. Its authors and system overlap with item 5. Treat this as a related design report.", "limitation": "The system used continuous breathing cues and intermittent head-orientation feedback. Related to the MindJourney college paper.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2022-91254" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2022-91254" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "Human-Computer Co-Regulation: A Review of Biofeedback for Meditative Practice", "doi": "10.1145/3831659", "pmid": null, "journal": "Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies", "year": 2026, "authors": "Liu Mengxi, Peng Danyang, Bian Sizhen, Ray Lala Shakti Swarup, Cheng Yajun, Zhou Bo, Yuan Siyu, Chen Kanyu, Kunze Kai, Minamizawa Kouta, Lukowicz Paul", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3831659" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Review of real-time physiological feedback systems." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-07", "recordId": "lab-8b68f71d40e35b", "summary": "The authors reviewed 39 studies of real-time physiological feedback in contemplative practice. They distinguish respiration or HRV for paced breathing from EEG approaches to attention and skin conductance for arousal.", "limitation": "Review of real-time physiological feedback systems.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3831659" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3831659" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "The efficacy of virtual reality-enhanced EEG biofeedback in anxiety treatment: analysis of a digital health intervention", "doi": "10.1080/23311908.2025.2565063", "pmid": null, "journal": "Cogent Psychology", "year": 2025, "authors": "Tong BG, Liang Zi Hong, He Xue Mei, Yang Fan, Jing Lan, Gao Li Jia", "design": "Controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2025.2565063" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "EEG", "relationshipNote": "EEG training supplied neurofeedback in the intervention. Clinical anxiety ratings were outcomes." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-08", "recordId": "lab-a8505b36d21db2", "summary": "The study assigned 89 patients across treatment conditions. The combined format showed a self-rated anxiety advantage while clinician-rated anxiety reductions were comparable. The unusual age summaries in Table 2 limit demographic interpretation.", "limitation": "EEG training supplied neurofeedback in the intervention. Clinical anxiety ratings were outcomes.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2025.2565063" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2025.2565063" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "ZenG", "doi": "10.1145/3325480.3326584", "pmid": null, "journal": "Proceedings of the 2019 on Creativity and Cognition", "year": 2019, "authors": "Potts Dominic, Loveys Kate, Ha HyunYoung, Huang Shaoyan, Billinghurst Mark, Broadbent Elizabeth", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3325480.3326584" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "EEG", "relationshipNote": "Relative alpha-band EEG changed the tree colour. Twelve adults took part in informal prototype testing." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-09", "recordId": "lab-a01e7058461d2e", "summary": "A proof-of-concept garden combines a Magic Leap display, EEG sensing and physical gestures. It is an interaction design precedent.", "limitation": "Relative alpha-band EEG changed the tree colour. Twelve adults took part in informal prototype testing.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3325480.3326584" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3325480.3326584" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "Neurological Evidence of Diverse Self-Help Breathing Training With Virtual Reality and Biofeedback Assistance: Extensive Exploration Study of Electroencephalography Markers", "doi": "10.2196/55478", "pmid": "39642375", "journal": "JMIR Formative Research", "year": 2024, "authors": "Ng Hei-Yin Hydra, Wu Changwei W, Hsu Hao-Che, Huang Chih-Mao, Hsu Ai-Ling, Chao Yi-Ping, Jung Tzyy-Ping, Chuang Chun-Hsiang", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/55478" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Respiration", "relationshipNote": "A respiration belt controlled the meadow. The investigators recorded EEG to compare the practice conditions." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-10", "recordId": "pmid-39642375", "summary": "Brain recordings from 51 participants varied across breathing conditions. Task-related EEG findings address attention and physiology during training. They provide no direct measure of lasting clinical improvement.", "limitation": "A respiration belt controlled the meadow. The investigators recorded EEG to compare the practice conditions.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/55478" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642375/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/55478" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Effects on Mood and EEG States After Meditation in Augmented Reality With and Without Adjunctive Neurofeedback", "doi": "10.3389/frvir.2021.618381", "pmid": null, "journal": "Frontiers in Virtual Reality", "year": 2021, "authors": "Viczko Jeremy, Tarrant Jeff, Jackson Ray", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.618381" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "EEG", "relationshipNote": "Frontal gamma asymmetry moved a glowing ball and determined when the AR story progressed." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-11", "recordId": "lab-a39047f11e858a", "summary": "Mood improved after both versions. Participants reported greater engagement with neurofeedback. The groups showed comparable mood and resting EEG changes.", "limitation": "Frontal gamma asymmetry moved a glowing ball and determined when the AR story progressed.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Mood improved after both versions. Participants reported greater engagement with neurofeedback. The groups showed comparable mood and resting EEG changes.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.618381" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true, "maskingRoles": "Participants were blinded to assignment to the two AR meditation conditions." }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Mood improved after both versions. Participants reported greater engagement with neurofeedback. The groups showed comparable mood and resting EEG changes.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.618381" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Mindful Garden: Supporting Reflection on Biosignals in a Co-Located Augmented Reality Mindfulness Experience", "doi": "10.1145/3500868.3559708", "pmid": null, "journal": "Companion Publication of the 2022 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing", "year": 2022, "authors": "Liu Lika Haizhou, Lu Xi, Martinez Richard, Wang Dennis, Liu Fannie, Monroy-Hernández Andrés, Epstein Daniel A.", "design": "Design or demonstration", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3500868.3559708" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Design or demonstration", "measurement": "EEG", "relationshipNote": "The headband-based demonstration converted EEG into a flower display for a pair. This entry refers to the smart-glasses version." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-12", "recordId": "lab-2dde14fee628e5", "summary": "Two people share an AR garden. One guides meditation and the other person’s biosignals shape the flowers. This is a demonstration using smart glasses and a headband.", "limitation": "The headband-based demonstration converted EEG into a flower display for a pair. This entry refers to the smart-glasses version.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3500868.3559708" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3500868.3559708" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "Technology Configurations and Adherence in Virtual Reality-Based Mindfulness: A Systematic Review of Headsets, Wearables, Software, and Therapeutic Applications", "doi": "10.3390/app16167943", "pmid": null, "journal": "Applied Sciences", "year": 2026, "authors": "Moreira Moisés, Carvalho Vitor, Duque Duarte", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/app16167943" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Review of headset and wearable configurations." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-13", "recordId": "lab-fadf374f60eafd", "summary": "Fifteen reports used varied hardware and adherence definitions. The review found no otherwise-matched trial isolating the effect of adding a wearable on adherence in its eligible set.", "limitation": "Review of headset and wearable configurations.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/app16167943" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/app16167943" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Realidade virtual na prática de mindfulness em psicoterapia: uma revisão narrativa", "doi": "10.4025/psicolestud.v26i0.46410", "pmid": null, "journal": "Psicologia em Estudo", "year": 2021, "authors": "Bengel de Paula Dirce Maria, Fernández Moretti Luciana", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v26i0.46410" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Narrative review of VR practice in psychotherapy." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-14", "recordId": "lab-ca309fa8cd91b6", "summary": "The authors examined 23 reports. Presence, usability and access featured in the designs. They called for controlled studies to isolate which features have therapeutic value.", "limitation": "Narrative review of VR practice in psychotherapy.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v26i0.46410" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v26i0.46410" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Virtual Reality Biofeedback in Health: A Scoping Review", "doi": "10.1007/s10484-021-09529-9", "pmid": "34860290", "journal": "Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback", "year": 2021, "authors": "Lüddecke Robin, Felnhofer Anna", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-021-09529-9" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Scoping review of VR biofeedback in health." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-15", "recordId": "pmid-34860290", "summary": "Eighteen studies, mainly in adults, reported outcomes including stress, anxiety and pain. The authors found little evidence for an efficacy advantage over conventional feedback.", "limitation": "Scoping review of VR biofeedback in health.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-021-09529-9" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34860290/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-021-09529-9" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Integrating Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback in Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Mixed Reality as a Mental Health Intervention", "doi": "10.1109/VRW62533.2024.00394", "pmid": null, "journal": "2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)", "year": 2024, "authors": "Nath Nishu, Zavarelli Jace, Stanley Laura, Kalatzis Apostolos, Molina Karl, Lundberg Camille, Perez Angelica, Litwin Alain", "design": "Methods verification incomplete", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW62533.2024.00394" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Signal or implementation unclear", "measurement": "Signal or implementation unclear", "relationshipNote": "The workshop abstract describes simulated HRV feedback and a planned comparison. Live sensing in participants is unverified." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-16", "recordId": "lab-20e62d6bf5f3f4", "summary": "A workshop demonstration combines CBT and simulated HRV feedback in VR, AR and mixed reality. Controlled outcomes were proposed for evaluation.", "limitation": "The workshop abstract describes simulated HRV feedback and a planned comparison. Live sensing in participants is unverified.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW62533.2024.00394" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW62533.2024.00394" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "An Integrative Model for the Effectiveness of Biofeedback Interventions for Anxiety Regulation: Viewpoint", "doi": "10.2196/14958", "pmid": "32706654", "journal": "Journal of Medical Internet Research", "year": 2020, "authors": "Weerdmeester Joanneke, van Rooij Marieke MJW, Engels Rutger CME, Granic Isabela", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/14958" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Conceptual model of biofeedback mechanisms." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-17", "recordId": "pmid-32706654", "summary": "This viewpoint distinguishes physiological learning from cognitive processes such as perceived control. It proposes mechanisms and design choices for future trials.", "limitation": "Conceptual model of biofeedback mechanisms.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/14958" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32706654/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/14958" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "Mindfulness Development via Biofeedback for Anxiety in Hospitalized Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "doi": "10.3390/brainsci16070748", "pmid": "42512522", "journal": "Brain Sciences", "year": 2026, "authors": "Kotelnikova Anastasia V., Ruzinova Vera M., Kiseleva Maria G., Volel Beatrice, Kukshina Anastasia A.", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16070748" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "EEG · Heart rate / heartbeat", "relationshipNote": "Auditory feedback followed EEG alpha power. A separate training stage varied audiovisual feedback with current heart rate. A psychiatrist masked to allocation rated anxiety." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-18", "recordId": "pmid-42512522", "summary": "A randomised study of 188 inpatients compared biofeedback, medication and their combination. Anxiety improved more in the biofeedback arms than with medication alone in the per-protocol analysis. Registration was retrospective and the setting was inpatient care.", "limitation": "Auditory feedback followed EEG alpha power. A separate training stage varied audiovisual feedback with current heart rate. A psychiatrist masked to allocation rated anxiety.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A randomised study of 188 inpatients compared biofeedback, medication and their combination. Anxiety improved more in the biofeedback arms than with medication alone in the per-protocol analysis. Registration was retrospective and the setting was inpatient care.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16070748" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true, "maskingRoles": "The independent psychiatrist assessing anxiety was masked. Participants and treating therapists knew the assigned intervention." }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A randomised study of 188 inpatients compared biofeedback, medication and their combination. Anxiety improved more in the biofeedback arms than with medication alone in the per-protocol analysis. Registration was retrospective and the setting was inpatient care.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42512522/", "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16070748" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Digitally Assisted Mindfulness in Training Self-Regulation Skills for Sustainable Mental Health: A Systematic Review", "doi": "10.3390/bs13121008", "pmid": "38131865", "journal": "Behavioral Sciences", "year": 2023, "authors": "Mitsea Eleni, Drigas Athanasios, Skianis Charalabos", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13121008" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Systematic review of digital mindfulness." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-19", "recordId": "pmid-38131865", "summary": "Sixty-six studies covered a wide range of digital approaches. Apps, headbands, coaching and immersion involve different components. Their outcomes cannot isolate the effect of the Lab’s wearable.", "limitation": "Systematic review of digital mindfulness.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13121008" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38131865/", "https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13121008" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "The Applications of the Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and HRV Biofeedback in Modern Psychotherapy", "doi": "10.15540/nr.12.2.98", "pmid": null, "journal": "NeuroRegulation", "year": 2025, "authors": "Kramar Martin", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.12.2.98" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart-rate variability", "relationshipNote": "The case describes a participant viewing heart-rhythm changes and HRV during sessions." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-20", "recordId": "lab-877d9ce9559820", "summary": "One 22-year-old completed 12 weeks of combined psychotherapy, breathing and feedback. His age is relevant to the Lab. A single case cannot isolate the contribution of any component.", "limitation": "The case describes a participant viewing heart-rhythm changes and HRV during sessions.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.12.2.98" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.12.2.98" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Immersive VR as a Promising Technology for Computer-Supported Mindfulness", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-030-87595-4_12", "pmid": null, "journal": "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", "year": 2021, "authors": "De Paolis Lucio Tommaso, Arpaia Pasquale, D’Errico Giovanni, Gatto Carola, Moccaldi Nicola, Nuccetelli Fabiana", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87595-4_12" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Review chapter about computer-supported mindfulness." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-21", "recordId": "lab-fca3cf0917013b", "summary": "This conference chapter presents preliminary review findings and design directions. Item 26 links to the opening page of the same chapter.", "limitation": "Review chapter about computer-supported mindfulness.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87595-4_12" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87595-4_12" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "Virtual Reality-Based Biofeedback System: A Review", "doi": "10.1201/9781042017546-1", "pmid": null, "journal": "Technology for a Resilient Future", "year": 2026, "authors": "Srinivasan C.R., Preethish K.R., Meenatchi Sundaram S", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781042017546-1" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Engineering review chapter. Bibliographic record only." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-22", "recordId": "lab-1454bc5080b0d7", "summary": "The publisher identifies an engineering review chapter. The accessible record supports its identity and scope only. Excluded from outcome claims.", "limitation": "Engineering review chapter. Bibliographic record only.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781042017546-1" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781042017546-1" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "Biofeedback-Enhanced Virtual Reality Training for Stress Regulation: Concept and Pilot Study Results", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-032-13174-4_18", "pmid": null, "journal": "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", "year": 2026, "authors": "Schwarz Jessica, Kelter Markus, Baljan Mara", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-13174-4_18" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart-rate variability · Derived score", "relationshipNote": "The field of view changed with a stress level derived from HRV in a seven-person pilot." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-23", "recordId": "lab-4eb5fd30048276", "summary": "A seven-person pilot used heart signals to vary the field of view during a demanding game. The result establishes a working prototype. Occupational relevance does not establish a military sample.", "limitation": "The field of view changed with a stress level derived from HRV in a seven-person pilot.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-13174-4_18" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-13174-4_18" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "A mobile VR-based respiratory biofeedback game to foster diaphragmatic breathing", "doi": "10.1007/s10055-020-00471-5", "pmid": null, "journal": "Virtual Reality", "year": 2020, "authors": "Rockstroh Christoph, Blum Johannes, Göritz Anja S.", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-020-00471-5" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Respiration", "relationshipNote": "A controller on the abdomen sensed movement caused by breathing and fed it into the game." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-24", "recordId": "lab-5a210c0c4199cb", "summary": "Repeated sessions improved breath awareness and breathing measures in a within-person study. Longer follow-up and an active comparison are needed to isolate the training effect.", "limitation": "A controller on the abdomen sensed movement caused by breathing and fed it into the game.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-020-00471-5" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-020-00471-5" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "A Review of Interactive Technologies as Support Tools for the Cultivation of Mindfulness", "doi": "10.1007/s12671-017-0698-x", "pmid": null, "journal": "Mindfulness", "year": 2017, "authors": "Sliwinski Jacek, Katsikitis Mary, Jones Christian Martyn", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0698-x" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Review of interactive mindfulness technology." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-25", "recordId": "lab-74e0c193cc04c5", "summary": "A review maps design choices to attention, motivation and prosociality. It offers design guidance rather than its own clinical trial.", "limitation": "Review of interactive mindfulness technology.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0698-x" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0698-x" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Use of Biofeedback-Based Virtual Reality in Pediatric Perioperative and Postoperative Settings: Observational Study", "doi": "10.2196/48959", "pmid": "38742940", "journal": "JMIR Perioperative Medicine", "year": 2024, "authors": "Orgil Zandantsetseg, Karthic Anitra, Bell Nora F, Heisterberg Lisa M, Williams Sara E, Ding Lili, Kashikar-Zuck Susmita, King Christopher D, Olbrecht Vanessa A", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/48959" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart-rate variability · Derived score · Proprietary score", "relationshipNote": "Inner Balance and emWave presented a coherence score calculated from beat-to-beat intervals." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-27", "recordId": "pmid-38742940", "summary": "An observational study examined the sessions children and adolescents needed to meet an HRV target. Many reported help with perioperative stress. This is feasibility evidence in a specific medical setting.", "limitation": "Inner Balance and emWave presented a coherence score calculated from beat-to-beat intervals.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/48959" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38742940/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/48959" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Biofeedback-Based Connected Mental Health Interventions for Anxiety: Systematic Literature Review", "doi": "10.2196/26038", "pmid": "33792548", "journal": "JMIR mHealth and uHealth", "year": 2021, "authors": "Alneyadi Mahra, Drissi Nidal, Almeqbaali Mariam, Ouhbi Sofia", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/26038" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Systematic review of connected biofeedback interventions." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-28", "recordId": "pmid-33792548", "summary": "The review covers several sensors and populations. Findings varied across interventions and clinical groups.", "limitation": "Systematic review of connected biofeedback interventions.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/26038" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33792548/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/26038" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction in VR: Visualising Meditation Performance using Real-time EEG Neurofeedback", "doi": "10.1109/ICVR70658.2026.11672426", "pmid": null, "journal": "2026 12th International Conference on Virtual Reality (ICVR)", "year": 2026, "authors": "Pan Ziqi, Comley Enego, Cristea Alexandra I.", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVR70658.2026.11672426" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "EEG · Derived score", "relationshipNote": "The authors describe a preliminary evaluation in which an EEG-derived relaxation estimate drove visual feedback. The accessible abstract gives limited detail about the calculation." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-29", "recordId": "lab-d011cd5d41de99", "summary": "An IEEE conference paper describes a preliminary usability evaluation of EEG-driven visual feedback. Clinical efficacy remains untested.", "limitation": "The authors describe a preliminary evaluation in which an EEG-derived relaxation estimate drove visual feedback. The accessible abstract gives limited detail about the calculation.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVR70658.2026.11672426" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVR70658.2026.11672426" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "Interventions Based on Biofeedback Systems to Improve Workers' Psychological Well-Being, Mental Health, and Safety: Systematic Literature Review", "doi": "10.2196/70134", "pmid": "40939175", "journal": "Journal of Medical Internet Research", "year": 2025, "authors": "Ferreira Simão, Rodrigues Matilde A, Mateus Catarina, Rodrigues Pedro Pereira, Rocha Nuno Barbosa", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/70134" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Review of workplace biofeedback." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-30", "recordId": "pmid-40939175", "summary": "Nine studies met the review criteria. Short-term improvements were common, while sample sizes and follow-up limited conclusions about durability.", "limitation": "Review of workplace biofeedback.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/70134" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40939175/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/70134" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Ego-depletion and motor skill performance under pressure—experimental effects of a short term virtual-reality based mindfulness breathing meditation with integrated biofeedback", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-68043-0", "pmid": null, "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2024, "authors": "Wagner Matthias, Wieczorek Alissa", "design": "Randomised controlled crossover study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68043-0" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Respiration", "relationshipNote": "Abdominal movement during exhalation changed the virtual environment. The testing staff were masked to condition." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-31", "recordId": "lab-eee50dc8f3d54f", "summary": "Two small crossover experiments tested basketball free throws and football penalties. VR breathing meditation with feedback improved task performance against a rest break. It was not a test of mental-health treatment.", "limitation": "Abdominal movement during exhalation changed the virtual environment. The testing staff were masked to condition.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Participants completed the VR biofeedback and comparison sessions in a randomly assigned, counterbalanced order.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68043-0" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Participants completed the VR biofeedback and comparison sessions in a randomly assigned, counterbalanced order.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68043-0" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Ephemeral Breath: Non-contact Biofeedback System in Habitual Behaviors for Everyday Mindfulness", "doi": "10.1145/3731459.3779342", "pmid": null, "journal": "Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction", "year": 2026, "authors": "Matsumoto Tomoki, Tobitani Kensuke", "design": "Methods verification incomplete", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3731459.3779342" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Signal or implementation unclear", "measurement": "Signal or implementation unclear", "relationshipNote": "The accessible conference record identifies non-contact biofeedback. The sensing method and participant evaluation need confirmation." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-33", "recordId": "lab-870b2fcef79281", "summary": "The ACM conference record identifies a non-contact biofeedback design for everyday mindfulness. Participant outcomes were unavailable for verification.", "limitation": "The accessible conference record identifies non-contact biofeedback. The sensing method and participant evaluation need confirmation.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3731459.3779342" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3731459.3779342" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "Flowing Landscapes: A Motion-Synced In-Car VR Mindfulness Experience with Biofeedback-Driven Adjustments for Motion Sickness", "doi": "10.1007/978-3-031-92689-1_9", "pmid": null, "journal": "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", "year": 2025, "authors": "Zhou Yuping, Tian Yuan, Shui Bo, Liu Yaxin, Li Zhiheng, Nie Xiaomei", "design": "Methods verification incomplete", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92689-1_9" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Signal or implementation unclear", "measurement": "Signal or implementation unclear", "relationshipNote": "The abstract confirms physiology-driven adjustments during testing with 20 people. It leaves the specific signal unidentified." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-34", "recordId": "lab-70831a49e6f6d0", "summary": "Twenty participants tested four conditions. The reported benefit concerns motion sickness and the experience of the virtual landscape. It has limited bearing on anxiety treatment.", "limitation": "The abstract confirms physiology-driven adjustments during testing with 20 people. It leaves the specific signal unidentified.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92689-1_9" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92689-1_9" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "HeartBit: mindful control of heart rate using haptic biofeedback", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "journal": "", "year": 2020, "authors": "", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://dspace.mit.edu/entities/publication/2fbd5c24-af34-488f-81ea-12e1bc690f3d" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart rate / heartbeat", "relationshipNote": "The handheld device reproduced a measured heartbeat through touch." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-35", "recordId": "lab-7f8cefe879869f", "summary": "A handheld device reproduced a heartbeat through touch. In the 25-person empathy experiment, feedback narrowed differences between some self-ratings and participants’ estimates of another person’s feelings. This is a small experimental thesis with an indirect empathy measure.", "limitation": "The handheld device reproduced a measured heartbeat through touch.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://dspace.mit.edu/entities/publication/2fbd5c24-af34-488f-81ea-12e1bc690f3d" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://dspace.mit.edu/entities/publication/2fbd5c24-af34-488f-81ea-12e1bc690f3d" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "Attention Regulation Framework", "doi": "10.1145/3359593", "pmid": null, "journal": "ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction", "year": 2019, "authors": "Niksirat Kavous Salehzadeh, Silpasuwanchai Chaklam, Cheng Peng, Ren Xiangshi", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3359593" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Movement", "relationshipNote": "The evaluated interfaces tracked deliberate physical movements to support attention." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-36", "recordId": "lab-3650fe906cd8e1", "summary": "Four user evaluations explored interfaces that use subtle movements to guide attention. Relevant to design in busy spaces and to giving participants control over the pace.", "limitation": "The evaluated interfaces tracked deliberate physical movements to support attention.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3359593" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3359593" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Using a virtual reality game to train biofeedback-based regulation under stress conditions", "doi": "10.1111/psyp.14705", "pmid": "39385361", "journal": "Psychophysiology", "year": 2024, "authors": "Daniel‐Watanabe Lucie, Cook Benjamin, Leung Grace, Krstulović Marino, Finnemann Johanna, Woolley Toby, Powell Craig, Fletcher Paul", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14705" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart rate / heartbeat · Derived score", "relationshipNote": "The training displayed the pulse trace. A study-defined stress score used rolling heart rate relative to baseline. HRV was an outcome." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-37", "recordId": "pmid-39385361", "summary": "Two experiments examined use of a breathing skill under a laboratory stressor. In the comparison experiment, trained participants showed higher HRV under stress. This is evidence of skill transfer to a task.", "limitation": "The training displayed the pulse trace. A study-defined stress score used rolling heart rate relative to baseline. HRV was an outcome.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14705" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39385361/", "https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14705" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Development of a modular stress management platform (Performance Edge VR) and a pilot efficacy trial of a bio-feedback enhanced training module for controlled breathing", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0245068", "pmid": "33529187", "journal": "PLOS ONE", "year": 2021, "authors": "Kluge Murielle G., Maltby Steven, Walker Nicole, Bennett Neanne, Aidman Eugene, Nalivaiko Eugene, Walker Frederick Rohan", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245068" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Respiration", "relationshipNote": "A respiratory belt provided controlled-breathing feedback." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-38", "recordId": "pmid-33529187", "summary": "Thirty healthy volunteers recruited at the University of Newcastle practised across three sessions. Controlled breathing improved. The ADF co-developed this platform. The later on-base study provides direct evidence from serving trainees.", "limitation": "A respiratory belt provided controlled-breathing feedback.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245068" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33529187/", "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245068" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "A Narrative Review of Mindfulness-Based Interventions Using Virtual Reality", "doi": "10.1007/s12671-021-01783-6", "pmid": null, "journal": "Mindfulness", "year": 2021, "authors": "Arpaia Pasquale, D’Errico Giovanni, De Paolis Lucio Tommaso, Moccaldi Nicola, Nuccetelli Fabiana", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01783-6" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Narrative review of mindfulness in VR." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-43", "recordId": "lab-58ba4c9a89141b", "summary": "The authors rated over 90 percent of included reports as weak and none as strong. Useful context for interpreting positive pilot outcomes.", "limitation": "Narrative review of mindfulness in VR.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01783-6" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01783-6" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Virtual Reality for Anxiety Reduction Demonstrated by Quantitative EEG: A Pilot Study", "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01280", "pmid": "30087642", "journal": "Frontiers in Psychology", "year": 2018, "authors": "Tarrant Jeff, Viczko Jeremy, Cope Hannah", "design": "Context or measurement study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01280" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "No live signal established", "measurement": "No live signal established", "relationshipNote": "The researchers compared EEG recordings around the VR meditation and quiet-rest conditions." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-44", "recordId": "pmid-30087642", "summary": "Both quiet rest and VR meditation reduced subjective anxiety. Some EEG measures differed after VR. Brain activity was recorded as an outcome, which is distinct from returning a live signal to the participant.", "limitation": "The researchers compared EEG recordings around the VR meditation and quiet-rest conditions.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01280" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30087642/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01280" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Virtual reality versus 2D biofeedback for children and adolescents with stress related disorders: a randomized controlled trial", "doi": "10.1007/s10055-025-01123-2", "pmid": null, "journal": "Virtual Reality", "year": 2025, "authors": "Felnhofer Anna, Goinska Katharina, Hattinger Johann, Kamper Adrian, Lenz Andreas, Hlavacs Helmut, Kothgassner Oswald D.", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-025-01123-2" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart rate / heartbeat", "relationshipNote": "A baseline heart-rate threshold guided feedback in both the 2D and VR training." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a01", "recordId": "lab-9993bb4e4e942d", "summary": "Thirty-nine patients aged 9–18 received ten sessions of VR or conventional screen-based biofeedback. Both groups improved, with comparable outcomes through three months.", "limitation": "A baseline heart-rate threshold guided feedback in both the 2D and VR training.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Thirty-nine patients aged 9–18 received ten sessions of VR or conventional screen-based biofeedback. Both groups improved, with comparable outcomes through three months.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-025-01123-2" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Thirty-nine patients aged 9–18 received ten sessions of VR or conventional screen-based biofeedback. Both groups improved, with comparable outcomes through three months.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-025-01123-2" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Biofeedback-based Digital Games and Well-being in Childhood: A Systematic Review", "doi": "10.1007/s10802-025-01387-x", "pmid": "41261293", "journal": "Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology", "year": 2025, "authors": "Darabi Morgan D., Silber Sara P., Slotkin Rebecca, Peechatka Alyssa L.", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-025-01387-x" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Systematic review of youth biofeedback games." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a02", "recordId": "pmid-41261293", "summary": "Sixteen youth biofeedback-game reports met the review criteria. Two used VR. The included studies span childhood and adolescence.", "limitation": "Systematic review of youth biofeedback games.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-025-01387-x" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41261293/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-025-01387-x" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Designing and Utilizing Biofeedback Games for Emotion Regulation", "doi": "10.1145/2851581.2892521", "pmid": null, "journal": "Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems", "year": 2016, "authors": "Lobel Adam, Gotsis Marientina, Reynolds Erin, Annetta Michael, Engels Rutger C.M.E., Granic Isabela", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892521" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart-rate variability · Derived score", "relationshipNote": "In Nevermind, the game estimated arousal from beat-to-beat variability. The report also illustrates heart-rate recordings separately." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a03", "recordId": "lab-ed18aa841e540e", "summary": "Forty-seven participants aged 18–24 played Nevermind, which estimated arousal from beat-to-beat variability. This observational study documents use in the target age band. Therapeutic efficacy remains open.", "limitation": "In Nevermind, the game estimated arousal from beat-to-beat variability. The report also illustrates heart-rate recordings separately.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892521" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892521" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "Brief Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality Mindfulness Breathing Exercise for Emotional Well-Being and Cognitive Functions in University Students: Within-Subjects Experimental Design Study", "doi": "10.2196/84239", "pmid": "42205234", "journal": "JMIR XR and Spatial Computing", "year": 2026, "authors": "Eun Zoey K Y, Koh Charmaine Jiali, Yang Hwajin, Goh Adalia Y H, Hu Meilan, Kasturiratna K T A Sandeeshwara, Hartanto Andree", "design": "Context or measurement study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/84239" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "No live signal established", "measurement": "No live signal established", "relationshipNote": "VR and MR guided the breathing exercises. A live physiological input controlling the exercise was unverified." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a04", "recordId": "pmid-42205234", "summary": "In 102 Singapore undergraduates (mean age 20.87), VR and mixed-reality breathing improved immediate affect and self-reported self-control against a mind-wandering audio comparison. Working memory showed no added benefit.", "limitation": "VR and MR guided the breathing exercises. A live physiological input controlling the exercise was unverified.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/84239" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42205234/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/84239" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Platform to Train Stress Management Skills for a Defense Workforce: Multisite, Mixed Methods Feasibility Study", "doi": "10.2196/46368", "pmid": "37930751", "journal": "Journal of Medical Internet Research", "year": 2023, "authors": "Kluge Murielle G, Maltby Steven, Kuhne Caroline, Walker Nicole, Bennett Neanne, Aidman Eugene, Nalivaiko Eugene, Walker Frederick Rohan", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/46368" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Respiration", "relationshipNote": "A live respiratory trace provided feedback on controlled breathing in ADF training." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a05", "recordId": "pmid-37930751", "summary": "On-base implementation with 189 trainees across 372 VR sessions showed practical delivery and slower breathing during training. Immediate outcomes and implementation were the focus.", "limitation": "A live respiratory trace provided feedback on controlled breathing in ADF training.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/46368" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37930751/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/46368" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Heart Rate Variability and Cognitive Bias Feedback Interventions to Prevent Post-deployment PTSD: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial", "doi": "10.1093/milmed/usy171", "pmid": "30020511", "journal": "Military Medicine", "year": 2018, "authors": "Pyne Jeffrey M, Constans Joseph I, Nanney John T, Wiederhold Mark D, Gibson Douglas P, Kimbrell Timothy, Kramer Teresa L, Pitcock Jeffery A, Han Xiaotong, Williams D Keith, Chartrand Don, Gevirtz Richard N, Spira James, Wiederhold Brenda K, McCraty Rollin, McCune Thomas R", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy171" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart-rate variability · Derived score · Proprietary score", "relationshipNote": "The on-site emWave games responded to HRV. The home prompt provided separate paced-breathing practice." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a06", "recordId": "pmid-30020511", "summary": "A cluster-randomised National Guard study followed 342 soldiers. HRV feedback did not reduce post-deployment PTSD symptoms across the whole sample. The age-related signal favoured older participants.", "limitation": "The on-site emWave games responded to HRV. The home prompt provided separate paced-breathing practice.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A cluster-randomised National Guard study followed 342 soldiers. HRV feedback did not reduce post-deployment PTSD symptoms across the whole sample. The age-related signal favoured older participants.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy171" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A cluster-randomised National Guard study followed 342 soldiers. HRV feedback did not reduce post-deployment PTSD symptoms across the whole sample. The age-related signal favoured older participants.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30020511/", "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy171" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Treatment for Military PTSD: A Meta-Analysis", "doi": "10.1093/milmed/usae003", "pmid": "38287778", "journal": "", "year": 2024, "authors": "", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usae003" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Meta-analysis of HRV biofeedback for military PTSD." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a07", "recordId": "pmid-38287778", "summary": "Five studies covering 95 participants showed a pooled reduction in PTSD symptoms after HRV training. Small studies and before–after contrasts limit causal interpretation.", "limitation": "Meta-analysis of HRV biofeedback for military PTSD.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usae003" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38287778/", "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usae003" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "A Pilot Study of a Three-Session Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Intervention for Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder", "doi": "10.1007/s10484-022-09565-z", "pmid": "36331685", "journal": "Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback", "year": 2022, "authors": "Schuman Donna L., Lawrence Karen A., Boggero Ian, Naegele Peter, Ginsberg J. P., Casto Ashley, Moser Debra K.", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-022-09565-z" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart-rate variability", "relationshipNote": "The veteran waitlist pilot used clinical HRV biofeedback and a smartphone with a sensor for home practice." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a08", "recordId": "pmid-36331685", "summary": "A randomised waitlist pilot of three clinical HRV feedback sessions reported improvements in depression and an HRV measure within the intervention arm. Home-practice adherence was limited.", "limitation": "The veteran waitlist pilot used clinical HRV biofeedback and a smartphone with a sensor for home practice.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A randomised waitlist pilot of three clinical HRV feedback sessions reported improvements in depression and an HRV measure within the intervention arm. Home-practice adherence was limited.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-022-09565-z" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A randomised waitlist pilot of three clinical HRV feedback sessions reported improvements in depression and an HRV measure within the intervention arm. Home-practice adherence was limited.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36331685/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-022-09565-z" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Virtual reality mindfulness training for veterans in residential substance use treatment: Pilot study of feasibility and acceptability", "doi": "10.1016/j.josat.2024.209315", "pmid": "38378078", "journal": "Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment", "year": 2024, "authors": "Van Doren Natalia, Ng Helen, Rawat Eshaan, McKenna Kevin R., Blonigen Daniel M.", "design": "Context or measurement study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.josat.2024.209315" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "No live signal established", "measurement": "No live signal established", "relationshipNote": "A feasibility study of VR mindfulness in residential substance use treatment. A live physiological feedback loop was unverified." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a09", "recordId": "pmid-38378078", "summary": "A headset mindfulness pilot in residential substance use treatment enrolled 20 veterans aged 23–72 and 12 providers. It evaluated usability and acceptability. A single session offers limited evidence on treatment.", "limitation": "A feasibility study of VR mindfulness in residential substance use treatment. A live physiological feedback loop was unverified.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.josat.2024.209315" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38378078/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.josat.2024.209315" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Using biofeedback while immersed in a stressful videogame increases the effectiveness of stress management skills in soldiers", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0036169", "pmid": "22558370", "journal": "PLoS ONE", "year": 2012, "authors": "Bouchard Stéphane, Bernier François, Boivin Éric, Morin Brian, Robillard Geneviève", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036169" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart rate / heartbeat · Skin conductance · Derived score", "relationshipNote": "The soldiers’ game combined heart rate and skin conductance. The coach adjusted each signal’s weight in the stress feedback." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a10", "recordId": "pmid-22558370", "summary": "Forty-one soldiers underwent a stress simulation with or without extra tactical-breathing practice in a biofeedback game. Stereoscopic screen training was associated with lower stress during a later simulated ambush.", "limitation": "The soldiers’ game combined heart rate and skin conductance. The coach adjusted each signal’s weight in the stress feedback.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The 41 soldiers were randomly assigned to refresher training alone or additional practice in an immersive game with biofeedback.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036169" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The 41 soldiers were randomly assigned to refresher training alone or additional practice in an immersive game with biofeedback.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22558370/", "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036169" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Emotional intelligence training improves stress regulation and performance in high-stress occupations", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-36216-8", "pmid": "41618102", "journal": "Scientific Reports", "year": 2026, "authors": "King Jemma B., Li Yiqiong, Gillespie Nicole A., Ashkanasy Neal M.", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36216-8" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "No live signal established", "measurement": "No live signal established", "relationshipNote": "The emotional intelligence training trial measured cortisol and task performance." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a11", "recordId": "pmid-41618102", "summary": "A 66-person military trial compared emotional intelligence training with an active control. The investigators measured cortisol and task performance. The intervention did not return cortisol to the participants as feedback.", "limitation": "The emotional intelligence training trial measured cortisol and task performance.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A 66-person military trial compared emotional intelligence training with an active control. The investigators measured cortisol and task performance. The intervention did not return cortisol to the participants as feedback.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36216-8" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A 66-person military trial compared emotional intelligence training with an active control. The investigators measured cortisol and task performance. The intervention did not return cortisol to the participants as feedback.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41618102/", "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36216-8" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Virtual Reality Breathing Interventions for Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "doi": "10.1007/s10484-023-09611-4", "pmid": "38236355", "journal": "Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback", "year": 2024, "authors": "Cortez-Vázquez Gabriela, Adriaanse Marcel, Burchell George Louis, Ostelo Raymond, Panayiotou Georgia, Vlemincx Elke", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-023-09611-4" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Systematic review of VR versus other methods of delivering breathing exercises." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a12", "recordId": "pmid-38236355", "summary": "Six randomised trials compared VR and non-VR breathing interventions. Pooled findings showed no reliable additional mental-health benefit from immersive delivery.", "limitation": "Systematic review of VR versus other methods of delivering breathing exercises.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-023-09611-4" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38236355/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-023-09611-4" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Virtual reality experiences for breathing and relaxation training: The effects of real vs. placebo biofeedback", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103275", "pmid": null, "journal": "International Journal of Human-Computer Studies", "year": 2024, "authors": "Chittaro Luca, Serafini Marta, Vulcano Yvonne", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103275" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart rate / heartbeat · Respiration · Skin conductance", "relationshipNote": "The environment responded to the participant’s breathing, heart rate and skin conductance, or to another participant’s replay." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a13", "recordId": "lab-382ebff3371467", "summary": "In a 35-person VR experiment, real-time breathing, cardiac and skin signals produced greater relaxation and presence than replayed signals from another participant.", "limitation": "The environment responded to the participant’s breathing, heart rate and skin conductance, or to another participant’s replay.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103275" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103275" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Receiving self-compassion in the virtual world: Testing the potential value of biofeedback", "doi": "10.1016/j.brat.2024.104596", "pmid": "38896949", "journal": "", "year": 2024, "authors": "", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2024.104596" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart rate / heartbeat", "relationshipNote": "A visual pulse showed the participant’s own heart rate during self-compassion practice." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a14", "recordId": "pmid-38896949", "summary": "Sixty people received the same VR self-compassion practice with or without a pulsing light showing their heart rate. Outcomes improved from baseline across both conditions. Adding the light produced no additional detectable benefit.", "limitation": "A visual pulse showed the participant’s own heart rate during self-compassion practice.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Sixty people received the same VR self-compassion practice with or without a pulsing light showing their heart rate. Outcomes improved from baseline across both conditions. Adding the light produced no additional detectable benefit.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2024.104596" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Sixty people received the same VR self-compassion practice with or without a pulsing light showing their heart rate. Outcomes improved from baseline across both conditions. Adding the light produced no additional detectable benefit.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38896949/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2024.104596" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Augmented Virtual Reality Meditation", "doi": "10.1145/3449358", "pmid": null, "journal": "ACM Transactions on Social Computing", "year": 2021, "authors": "Järvelä Simo, Cowley Benjamin, Salminen Mikko, Jacucci Giulio, Hamari Juho, Ravaja Niklas", "design": "Participant study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3449358" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "EEG · Respiration · Derived score", "relationshipNote": "Pairs saw their respiratory synchrony and a comparison of EEG frontal asymmetry. HRV and skin conductance were also recorded for analysis." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a15", "recordId": "lab-aeddc9e62aff15", "summary": "Pairs practised compassion meditation with live breathing and EEG visualisations. Participants reported more empathy and social presence under shared-feedback conditions. The study measured feelings during the experience.", "limitation": "Pairs saw their respiratory synchrony and a comparison of EEG frontal asymmetry. HRV and skin conductance were also recorded for analysis.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3449358" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3449358" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Virtual reality improves emotional but not cognitive empathy: A meta-analysis", "doi": "10.1037/tmb0000034", "pmid": null, "journal": "Technology, Mind, and Behavior", "year": 2021, "authors": "Martingano Alison Jane, Hererra Fernanda, Konrath Sara", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000034" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Meta-analysis of VR and empathy." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a16", "recordId": "lab-d69eade108c9c9", "summary": "Across 43 VR studies involving 5,644 participants, immersion supported emotional empathy. Cognitive perspective-taking and the added value of VR over simpler storytelling were less convincing.", "limitation": "Meta-analysis of VR and empathy.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000034" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000034" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Resident Thrum: Designing for Group Cardiac Synchronization through Multimodal Biofeedback", "doi": "10.1145/3803784.3809264", "pmid": null, "journal": "Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Creativity and Cognition", "year": 2026, "authors": "Perry Phoenix", "design": "Design or demonstration", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3803784.3809264" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Design or demonstration", "measurement": "Heart rate / heartbeat · Derived score", "relationshipNote": "The installation returned heartbeats as sound, vibration and light, and changed the environment with group cardiac synchrony." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a17", "recordId": "lab-03df8e70361cc3", "summary": "Resident Thrum translates heart rhythms into light, sound and vibration for groups of two to six. It is an installation and design precedent.", "limitation": "The installation returned heartbeats as sound, vibration and light, and changed the environment with group cardiac synchrony.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3803784.3809264" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3803784.3809264" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "title": "Does Virtual Reality Training Increase Mindfulness in Aboriginal Out-of-Home Care Children?", "doi": "10.1007/s12671-024-02373-y", "pmid": null, "journal": "Mindfulness", "year": 2024, "authors": "Rowland Georgia, Hindman Emily, Jomeen Julie, Hassmén Peter", "design": "Context or measurement study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02373-y" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "No live signal established", "measurement": "No live signal established", "relationshipNote": "The NSW Aboriginal youth study measured HRV before and during the VR body scan." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a18", "recordId": "lab-16c72c2e0fd307", "summary": "A culturally informed VR mindfulness pilot enrolled 20 Aboriginal young people in out-of-home care, aged 7–16. Nineteen completed it. One mindfulness scale improved. State mindfulness and HRV showed no significant change. HRV was an outcome measure.", "limitation": "The NSW Aboriginal youth study measured HRV before and during the VR body scan.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02373-y" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02373-y" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "title": "Findings from the Tushirikiane-4-MH (supporting each other for mental health) mobile health–supported virtual reality randomized controlled trial among urban refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda", "doi": "10.1017/gmh.2025.3", "pmid": "39935733", "journal": "Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health", "year": 2025, "authors": "Logie Carmen H., Okumu Moses, Admassu Zerihun, MacKenzie Frannie, Gittings Lesley, Kortenaar Jean-Luc, Khan Naimul, Hakiza Robert, Musoke Daniel Kibuuka, Nakitende Aidah, Katisi Brenda, Kyambadde Peter, Lester Richard, Mbuagbaw Lawrence", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2025.3" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "No live signal established", "measurement": "No live signal established", "relationshipNote": "The Kampala trial tested VR and group support for refugee youth." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a19", "recordId": "pmid-39935733", "summary": "In a trial with 335 urban refugee youth aged 16–25 in Kampala, the two VR-containing programmes improved self-compassion at 16 weeks. Adding a group intervention also improved mental-health literacy. Neither programme showed a depression advantage over the control. The VR programme did not use wearable feedback.", "limitation": "The Kampala trial tested VR and group support for refugee youth.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "In a trial with 335 urban refugee youth aged 16–25 in Kampala, the two VR-containing programmes improved self-compassion at 16 weeks. Adding a group intervention also improved mental-health literacy. Neither programme showed a depression advantage over the control. The VR programme did not use wearable feedback.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2025.3" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "In a trial with 335 urban refugee youth aged 16–25 in Kampala, the two VR-containing programmes improved self-compassion at 16 weeks. Adding a group intervention also improved mental-health literacy. Neither programme showed a depression advantage over the control. The VR programme did not use wearable feedback.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39935733/", "https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2025.3" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Improving mental health in low-resource settings: A feasibility randomized controlled trial of a transdiagnostic psychological intervention among Burundian refugee adolescents and their caregivers", "doi": "10.1016/j.brat.2021.103944", "pmid": "34392115", "journal": "Behaviour Research and Therapy", "year": 2021, "authors": "Fine Shoshanna L., Malik Aiysha, Guimond Marie-France, Nemiro Ashley, Temu Getruda, Likindikoki Samuel, Annan Jeannie, Tol Wietse A.", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103944" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "No live signal established", "measurement": "No live signal established", "relationshipNote": "The Tanzania feasibility trial tested a facilitator-led psychological intervention." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a20", "recordId": "pmid-34392115", "summary": "Eighty-two Burundian young adolescents and 64 caregivers took part in a feasibility trial. Trained refugee facilitators delivered the EASE programme with high fidelity. This is evidence about local delivery.", "limitation": "The Tanzania feasibility trial tested a facilitator-led psychological intervention.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Eighty-two Burundian young adolescents and 64 caregivers took part in a feasibility trial. Trained refugee facilitators delivered the EASE programme with high fidelity. This is evidence about local delivery.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103944" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Eighty-two Burundian young adolescents and 64 caregivers took part in a feasibility trial. Trained refugee facilitators delivered the EASE programme with high fidelity. This is evidence about local delivery.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34392115/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103944" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "title": "Evaluation of an integrated intervention to reduce psychological distress and intimate partner violence in refugees: Results from the Nguvu cluster randomized feasibility trial", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0252982", "pmid": "34143803", "journal": "PLOS ONE", "year": 2021, "authors": "Greene M. Claire, Likindikoki Samuel, Rees Susan, Bonz Annie, Kaysen Debra, Misinzo Lusia, Njau Tasiana, Kiluwa Shangwe, Turner Rachael, Ventevogel Peter, Mbwambo Jessie K. K., Tol Wietse A.", "design": "Cluster-randomised feasibility trial", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252982" ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "citationCount": null, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "No live signal established", "measurement": "No live signal established", "relationshipNote": "The Nguvu trial tested a community intervention for refugee women in Tanzania." }, "id": "language-biofeedback-a21", "recordId": "dv-adult-therapy-34143803", "summary": "Nguvu enrolled 311 adult Congolese refugee women in Tanzania. The trial exposed barriers to access and completion. Adjusted group comparisons left the mental-health and violence outcomes uncertain.", "limitation": "The Nguvu trial tested a community intervention for refugee women in Tanzania.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "paperTrustAssessment": { "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "score": 2, "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "peerReviewed": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "basis": "Independent investigator used unrestricted Stata 14 random sequence to allocate all 43 women’s groups simultaneously, then recruited individual women by cluster assignment. Narrative says 21 Nguvu/22 usual-care clusters; Table 1 labels the reverse. Individual allocations 158/153 are consistent.", "sources": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34143803%20AND%20SRC:MED&format=json&resultType=core", "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0252982", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8213126/fullTextXML" ], "reviewScope": "full-text", "humanApproval": false, "displayCrosses": 2, "maskingRoles": { "participants": "Explicitly unmasked.", "providers": "Explicitly unmasked.", "assessors": "Not informed of allocation, but familiar with Nguvu and could infer it from participants at endline; integrity not established.", "analysts": "Not established from accessed source." }, "ratingScale": "library-trust-factor/1-3" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct", "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true, "basis": "Independent investigator used unrestricted Stata 14 random sequence to allocate all 43 women’s groups simultaneously, then recruited individual women by cluster assignment. 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Attrition limits interpretation. This was a guided digital programme without biofeedback.", "limitation": "The Lebanon trial tested guided digital self-help.", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A trial of guided digital self-help with 569 displaced Syrian adults found a depression benefit over enhanced usual care. Attrition limits interpretation. This was a guided digital programme without biofeedback.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004025" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true, "maskingRoles": "The authors describe a single-blind pragmatic trial of guided digital support in Lebanon." }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A trial of guided digital self-help with 569 displaced Syrian adults found a depression benefit over enhanced usual care. 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Psychological Health of Australian Vietnam Veterans and its Relationship to Combat", "journal": "International Journal of Epidemiology", "year": 1996, "authors": "O'Toole BI, Marshall RP, Grayson DA, Schureck RJ, Dobson M, Ffrench M, Pulvertaft B, Meldrum L, Bolton J, Vennard J.", "design": "", "urls": [ "https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/25/2/331/688302" ], "quotes": [], "citationCount": null, "sourcePages": [ 72 ], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Methods & context" ], "doi": "10.1093/ije/25.2.331", "pmid": "9119558", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Indexed peer-reviewed research; a qualifying randomized controlled design is not established in the reviewed record.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9119558/", "https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/25.2.331", "https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/25/2/331/688302" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; 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registered single-blind (outcome assessors)", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41534731/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "After six weeks, the meditation group showed lower neural responses to social-evaluative threat and lower inferred NF-κB activity. The gene-regulation difference lost statistical significance after adjustment for the neural-response change.", "limitation": "A small waitlist-controlled trial. Promoter analysis estimates transcription-factor activity; the analysis does not establish a causal neural mechanism.", "citationCount": 1, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 1, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The linked trial register specifies masked outcome assessors; participants knew their allocation.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41534731/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05304052" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": true, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284", "pmid": "41534731", "evidence": { "intervention": "Mindful Awareness Practices", "comparator": "Waitlist", "sample": "49 young adults; 26 meditation, 23 control", "measurement": "Blood leukocytes; genome-wide RNA and fMRI", "timing": "6 weeks", "trialId": "NCT05304052", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "NF-κB" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41534731/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The linked trial register specifies masked outcome assessors; participants knew their allocation.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41534731/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05304052" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-41020112", "recordId": "pmid-41020112", "title": "Psychological assessments, allostatic load and gene expression analyses in a randomized controlled trial comparing meditation, yoga, and stress education", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "year": 2025, "authors": "Denninger JW, Joss D, Romero PM, Khalsa SBS, Hoge EA, Bhasin M, Lazar SW, Dusek JA, Macklin E, Libermann T, Fricchione GL, Benson H.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; registered double-blind (participants and outcome assessors)", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12463968/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41020112/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653242" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "The three-arm trial found no significant between-group effects on psychological, genomic or allostatic-load outcomes. Most psychological measures improved within each group. Circulating IL-6 increased slightly within the meditation group at follow-up, remaining in the normal range.", "limitation": "Within-group improvement does not establish a treatment advantage. Participants were stressed but otherwise healthy; results may differ in clinical populations.", "citationCount": 3, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 3, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653242" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The linked trial register specifies double masking of participants and outcome assessors. The article does not describe the masking procedure; this classification reflects the registered design.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12463968/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41020112/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653242", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01308970" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": true, "category": "double-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653242", "pmid": "41020112", "evidence": { "intervention": "Meditation or yoga", "comparator": "Stress education", "sample": "211 chronically stressed adults: 73 meditation, 68 yoga, 70 control", "measurement": "Blood gene-expression measures and allostatic-load biomarkers", "timing": "8 weeks; measurements at weeks 0, 9 and 26", "trialId": "NCT01308970", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12463968/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41020112/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653242" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 3, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "double", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The linked trial register specifies double masking of participants and outcome assessors. The article does not describe the masking procedure; this classification reflects the registered design.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41020112/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12463968/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653242", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01308970" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-39680432", "recordId": "pmid-39680432", "title": "Effect of a Web-Based Heartfulness Program on the Mental Well-Being, Biomarkers, and Gene Expression Profile of Health Care Students: Randomized Controlled Trial", "journal": "JMIR bioinformatics and biotechnology", "year": 2024, "authors": "Thimmapuram J, Patel KD, Bhatt D, Chauhan A, Madhusudhan D, Bhatt KK, Deshpande S, Budhbhatti U, Joshi C.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; blinding not reported", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686021/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39680432/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/65506" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "At 12 weeks, RNA sequencing identified 292 upregulated and 1,180 downregulated genes in the meditation group relative to controls. Reported stress and distress improved. IL-6 protein fell in both groups, with a larger reduction in controls.", "limitation": "An exploratory trial with an inactive comparator and exclusion of participants missing follow-up. Enrichment analysis does not establish changes in every gene belonging to a pathway.", "citationCount": 4, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 4, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.2196/65506" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The article and ISRCTN record describe random allocation but do not report blinding. Blinding is not established by these sources.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686021/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39680432/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/65506", "https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN82860715" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.2196/65506", "pmid": "39680432", "evidence": { "intervention": "Web-based Heartfulness meditation", "comparator": "Usual routine", "sample": "78 health-care students randomized; completer analysis", "measurement": "Whole blood; mRNA sequencing; circulating IL-6 and DHEA-S", "timing": "12 weeks", "trialId": "ISRCTN82860715", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "Serotonergic signalling", "Circadian entrainment", "IL-17 signalling" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686021/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39680432/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/65506" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The article and ISRCTN record describe random allocation but do not report blinding. Blinding is not established by these sources.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39680432/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686021/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/65506", "https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN82860715" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-37982547", "recordId": "pmid-37982547", "title": "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Reduces Proinflammatory Gene Regulation But Not Systemic Inflammation Among Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "journal": "Psychosomatic medicine", "year": 2024, "authors": "Lindsay EK, Marsland AL, Cole SW, Dutcher JM, Greco CM, Wright AGC, Brown KW, Creswell JD.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; single-blind (laboratory assessors)", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11098967/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37982547/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000001264" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "MBSR reduced inferred NF-κB activity relative to the active comparison programme (d=0.17; p=0.028). It did not reduce circulating IL-6 or C-reactive protein. CREB, IRF and glucocorticoid-receptor pathway differences were not statistically significant.", "limitation": "The gene-regulation signal was small and did not translate into a measured reduction in systemic inflammation. Pathway activity was inferred from RNA profiles.", "citationCount": 15, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 15, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1097/psy.0000000000001264" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "Laboratory technicians were blind to treatment condition; the linked trial register identifies single masking of outcome assessors.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11098967/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37982547/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000001264", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02888600" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.1097/psy.0000000000001264", "pmid": "37982547", "evidence": { "intervention": "Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)", "comparator": "Health Enhancement Program", "sample": "190 lonely adults aged 65–85", "measurement": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RNA profiling and promoter analysis", "timing": "8 weeks; follow-up at 3 months", "trialId": "NCT02888600", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "NF-κB", "CREB", "IRF", "Glucocorticoid receptor signalling" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11098967/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37982547/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000001264" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Laboratory technicians were blind to treatment condition; the linked trial register identifies single masking of outcome assessors.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37982547/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11098967/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000001264", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02888600" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-37560036", "recordId": "pmid-37560036", "title": "Transcendental Meditation practitioners show reduced expression of the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity", "journal": "Brain, behavior, & immunity - health", "year": 2023, "authors": "Walton KG, Wenuganen S, Cole SW.", "design": "Observational comparison; secondary analysis", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10407892/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37560036/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "Long-term TM practitioners had lower expression of the prespecified CTRA gene set, with inferred reductions in NF-κB and AP-1 activity and higher interferon-response activity.", "limitation": "A very small observational comparison and secondary analysis of existing data. It cannot establish causation or separate meditation from long-term lifestyle differences.", "citationCount": 12, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 12, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "A nonrandomized comparison of long-term practitioners and controls; the analysis does not meet the blinded randomized-trial categories.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10407892/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37560036/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672", "pmid": "37560036", "evidence": { "intervention": "Long-term Transcendental Meditation", "comparator": "Matched non-meditating controls", "sample": "12 participants; approximately 38 years of practice in the meditation group", "measurement": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RNA profiles", "timing": "Cross-sectional comparison", "trialId": null, "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "CTRA", "NF-κB", "AP-1", "IRF" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10407892/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37560036/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending", "relationshipNote": "Secondary analysis of previously published long-term TM transcription data; do not count as an independent cohort." }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A nonrandomized comparison of long-term practitioners and controls; the analysis does not meet the blinded randomized-trial categories.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37560036/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10407892/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-36267832", "recordId": "pmid-36267832", "title": "Online, low-volume meditation does not alter immune-related biomarkers", "journal": "Brain, behavior, & immunity - health", "year": 2022, "authors": "Graham B, Jin Y, Bazeley P, Husni E, Calabrese LH.", "design": "Randomized pilot trial; single-blind", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9576541/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36267832/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100531" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "The trial found no significant between-group differences in the prespecified immune-related gene set, wider RNA expression or other tested biomarkers. Stress improved earlier in the music group and later in the mindfulness group.", "limitation": "A small trial of brief online practice in otherwise healthy nurses. The result concerns this dose and delivery; it does not establish the absence of effects from other programmes.", "citationCount": 10, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 10, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100531" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The Methods section explicitly describes a single-blind randomized parallel pilot trial.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9576541/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36267832/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100531" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100531", "pmid": "36267832", "evidence": { "intervention": "Online mindfulness-based stress management", "comparator": "Relaxing music", "sample": "61 nurses randomized; 52 included in analysis", "measurement": "Whole-blood mRNA sequencing; cytokines; PBMC telomerase; salivary cortisol", "timing": "6 weeks; questionnaires through 12 weeks", "trialId": null, "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "CTRA" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9576541/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36267832/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100531" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The Methods section explicitly describes a single-blind randomized parallel pilot trial.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36267832/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9576541/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100531" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-35427760", "recordId": "pmid-35427760", "title": "Smartphone mindfulness meditation training reduces Pro-inflammatory gene expression in stressed adults: A randomized controlled trial", "journal": "Brain, behavior, and immunity", "year": 2022, "authors": "Dutcher JM, Cole SW, Williams AC, Creswell JD.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; registered single-blind (outcome assessors)", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35427760/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.003" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "Mindfulness training reduced inferred NF-κB activity relative to the active comparison programme. Stress decreased in both groups, without a significant difference between them.", "limitation": "The molecular result concerns an inferred transcription-control pathway. It does not establish a measured change in every NF-κB-related gene or a clinical treatment effect.", "citationCount": 27, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 27, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.003" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The linked trial register specifies masked outcome assessors. The experimenter setting up the apps knew the assigned condition.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35427760/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.003", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03803865", "https://www.healthandhumanperformancelab.com/_files/ugd/b30fc8_81ef3b38218542ec880d0700d6e1dec1.pdf" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": true, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.003", "pmid": "35427760", "evidence": { "intervention": "Smartphone mindfulness meditation", "comparator": "Problem-solving programme", "sample": "Stressed customer-service workers", "measurement": "Immune-cell gene expression; promoter-based pathway analysis", "timing": "30 days", "trialId": "NCT03803865", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "NF-κB" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35427760/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.003" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The linked trial register specifies masked outcome assessors. The experimenter setting up the apps knew the assigned condition.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35427760/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.003", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03803865", "https://www.healthandhumanperformancelab.com/_files/ugd/b30fc8_81ef3b38218542ec880d0700d6e1dec1.pdf" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-36278141", "recordId": "pmid-36278141", "title": "Effect of Mindfulness Versus Loving-kindness Training on Leukocyte Gene Expression in Midlife Adults Raised in Low-Socioeconomic Status Households", "journal": "Mindfulness", "year": 2022, "authors": "West TN, Zhou J, Brantley MM, Kim SL, Brantley J, Salzberg S, Cole SW, Fredrickson BL.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; registered triple-masked", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9585929/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36278141/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01857-z" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "CTRA expression declined in the mindfulness group and increased in the loving-kindness group, opposite to the investigators’ prediction. Positive emotions increased in both groups.", "limitation": "The comparison distinguishes two meditation programmes and lacks a no-treatment arm. Changes in positive emotion did not explain the divergent molecular result.", "citationCount": 13, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 13, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007/s12671-022-01857-z" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The trial register lists participants, investigators and outcome assessors as masked. The paper confirms that lab-visit personnel were blind to condition. The classification reflects the registered masking design.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9585929/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36278141/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01857-z", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02400593" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": true, "category": "double-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.1007/s12671-022-01857-z", "pmid": "36278141", "evidence": { "intervention": "Mindfulness meditation", "comparator": "Loving-kindness meditation", "sample": "88 midlife adults raised in low-income households", "measurement": "Leukocyte RNA; CTRA expression profile", "timing": "6 weeks", "trialId": "NCT02400593", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "CTRA" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9585929/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36278141/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01857-z" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 3, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "double", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The trial register lists participants, investigators and outcome assessors as masked. The paper confirms that lab-visit personnel were blind to condition. The classification reflects the registered masking design.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36278141/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9585929/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01857-z", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02400593" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-25537522", "recordId": "pmid-25537522", "title": "Mindfulness meditation for younger breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial", "journal": "Cancer", "year": 2015, "authors": "Bower JE, Crosswell AD, Stanton AL, Crespi CM, Winston D, Arevalo J, Ma J, Cole SW, Ganz PA.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; blinding not reported", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4393338/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25537522/", "https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29194" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "Meditation reduced perceived stress and proinflammatory gene expression after treatment. Depression improvement was not statistically significant. Most psychological and behavioural benefits were not maintained at three months.", "limitation": "A preliminary waitlist-controlled trial in a specific survivor population. Molecular changes do not establish a reduction in cancer recurrence or progression.", "citationCount": 351, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 351, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002/cncr.29194" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The published methods describe randomization to mindfulness or waitlist but do not report masked outcome assessment.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4393338/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25537522/", "https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29194" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.1002/cncr.29194", "pmid": "25537522", "evidence": { "intervention": "Mindful Awareness Practices", "comparator": "Waitlist", "sample": "71 younger breast-cancer survivors: 39 meditation, 32 control", "measurement": "Blood; inflammatory gene expression and circulating markers", "timing": "6 weeks; questionnaires at 3 months", "trialId": null, "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "Inflammatory signalling" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4393338/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25537522/", "https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29194" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The published methods describe randomization to mindfulness or waitlist but do not report masked outcome assessment.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25537522/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4393338/", "https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29194" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-24485481", "recordId": "pmid-24485481", "title": "Rapid changes in histone deacetylases and inflammatory gene expression in expert meditators", "journal": "Psychoneuroendocrinology", "year": 2014, "authors": "Kaliman P, Alvarez-López MJ, Cosín-Tomás M, Rosenkranz MA, Lutz A, Davidson RJ.", "design": "Nonrandomized controlled study", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4039194/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24485481/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.004" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "After practice, meditators showed lower expression of HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC9, RIPK2 and PTGS2 (COX-2), alongside changes in histone modification. RIPK2 and HDAC2 expression were associated with faster cortisol recovery.", "limitation": "Groups differed in prior meditation experience and were not randomized. Peripheral blood findings do not establish equivalent changes in brain tissue.", "citationCount": 212, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 212, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.004" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "Expert meditators and controls were compared without random allocation.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4039194/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24485481/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.004" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [ "HDAC2", "HDAC3", "HDAC9", "RIPK2", "PTGS2" ], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.004", "pmid": "24485481", "evidence": { "intervention": "One day of intensive mindfulness in experienced practitioners", "comparator": "Leisure activities in people without meditation experience", "sample": "19 meditators and 21 controls", "measurement": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; qPCR and histone measures", "timing": "8 hours", "trialId": null, "measuredGenes": [ "HDAC2", "HDAC3", "HDAC9", "RIPK2", "PTGS2" ], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4039194/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24485481/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.004" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Expert meditators and controls were compared without random allocation.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24485481/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4039194/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.004" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-22820409", "recordId": "pmid-22820409", "title": "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction training reduces loneliness and pro-inflammatory gene expression in older adults: a small randomized controlled trial", "journal": "Brain, behavior, and immunity", "year": 2012, "authors": "Creswell JD, Irwin MR, Burklund LJ, Lieberman MD, Arevalo JM, Ma J, Breen EC, Cole SW.", "design": "Randomized pilot trial; single-blind (study assessors)", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3635809/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22820409/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.006" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "MBSR reduced loneliness and the NF-κB-associated inflammatory gene-expression profile relative to waitlist. The C-reactive protein difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.075).", "limitation": "A small pilot without an active comparator. The molecular finding is a pathway-level expression profile.", "citationCount": 499, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 499, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.006" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The paper reports that blinded study staff collected post-treatment measures and blood samples.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3635809/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22820409/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.006" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.006", "pmid": "22820409", "evidence": { "intervention": "MBSR", "comparator": "Waitlist", "sample": "40 older adults", "measurement": "Circulating leukocyte RNA; inflammatory biomarkers", "timing": "8 weeks", "trialId": null, "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "NF-κB" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3635809/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22820409/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.006" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The paper reports that blinded study staff collected post-treatment measures and blood samples.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22820409/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3635809/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.006" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Meditation and vacation effects have an impact on disease-associated molecular phenotypes", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "year": 2016, "authors": "E S Epel; E Puterman; J Lin; E H Blackburn; P Y Lum; N D Beckmann; J Zhu; E Lee; A Gilbert; R A Rissman; R E Tanzi; E E Schadt", "design": "Randomized retreat comparison with an observational experienced-meditator group", "urls": [ "https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2016164", "https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.164", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5022094/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27576169/" ], "doi": "10.1038/tp.2016.164", "pmid": "27576169", "targets": [], "neurotransmitters": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "citationCount": 92, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 92, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038/tp.2016.164" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Novices were randomized to meditation or vacation; experienced meditators formed a separate observational group. Masked molecular superiority of meditation was not established.", "sources": [ "https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2016164", "https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.164", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5022094/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27576169/" ], "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23" }, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Gene expression", "sample": "Healthy women: meditation-naive participants randomized to retreat or vacation, plus experienced meditators", "measurement": "Blood transcriptome and disease-associated molecular phenotypes", "measuredGenes": [], "relationshipNote": "The experienced-meditator group was not randomized. Shared changes across groups cannot be attributed specifically to meditation.", "sourceURLs": [ "https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2016164", "https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.164", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5022094/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27576169/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-27576169", "recordId": "pmid-27576169", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "A six-day resort stay was associated with substantial blood gene-expression changes in both meditation and vacation groups. Experienced meditators showed additional molecular patterns, but the randomized novice-meditation comparison did not establish a gene-expression advantage over vacation.", "limitation": "The experienced-meditator group was not randomized. Shared changes across groups cannot be attributed specifically to meditation.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Novices were randomized to meditation or vacation; experienced meditators formed a separate observational group. Masked molecular superiority of meditation was not established.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27576169/", "https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2016164", "https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.164", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5022094/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Large-scale genomic study reveals robust activation of the immune system following advanced Inner Engineering meditation retreat.", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "year": 2021, "authors": "Chandran V, Bermúdez ML, Koka M, Chandran B, Pawale D, Vishnubhotla R, Alankar S, Maturi R, Subramaniam B, Sadhasivam S.", "design": "Uncontrolled longitudinal transcriptomic study", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34907015/", "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110455118", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8713789/" ], "doi": "10.1073/pnas.2110455118", "pmid": "34907015", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "citationCount": 36, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 36, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34907015" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34907015/", "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110455118", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8713789/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Eight-day intensive meditation retreat", "comparator": "Within-person pre/post comparison; no randomised control", "evidenceType": "Gene expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34907015/", "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110455118", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8713789/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34907015" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "measurement": "Blood transcriptomics", "measuredGenes": [] }, "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-34907015", "recordId": "pmid-34907015", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "An eight-day meditation retreat study reported coordinated blood-transcriptome changes in immune-related genes, including interferon-associated pathways, providing a candidate molecular signature for further testing.", "limitation": "The intensive retreat lacked a randomised control and combined multiple lifestyle changes. Expression changes do not establish improved antiviral protection or clinical treatment efficacy.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34907015/", "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110455118", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8713789/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Dataset on gene expression in the elderly after Mindfulness Awareness Practice or Health Education Program.", "journal": "Data in brief", "year": 2018, "authors": "Lim HW, Saw WY, Feng L, Lee YK, Mahendran R, Cheah IK, Rawtaer I, Kumar AP, Kua EH, Mahendran R, Tan EC.", "design": "Gene-expression dataset from a randomized trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29900257/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.086", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5996403/" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.086", "pmid": "29900257", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "citationCount": 5, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 5, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29900257" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29900257/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.086", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5996403/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Mindful-awareness practice", "comparator": "Health education", "evidenceType": "Gene expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29900257/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.086", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5996403/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Abstract, full-text study design and GEO accession checked; independent reanalysis and comprehensive risk-of-bias assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/b42nb6s5", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29900257" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "measurement": "Affymetrix blood-expression microarray dataset", "measuredGenes": [], "sample": "60 older adults with mild cognitive impairment", "relationshipNote": "Data publication from the mindful-awareness versus health-education trial", "datasetAccession": "GSE108215", "datasetURL": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE108215" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-29900257", "recordId": "pmid-29900257", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "A blood gene-expression dataset from 60 older adults with mild cognitive impairment compares mindful-awareness practice with health education over nine months. It provides a reusable resource for analysing intervention-associated molecular patterns.", "limitation": "This is a data publication, not independent proof of a successful clinical or molecular effect. Participant overlap with associated trial reports must be retained in any synthesis.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29900257/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.086", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5996403/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Intraocular Pressure and Trabecular Meshwork Gene Expression: A Randomized Controlled Trial.", "journal": "American journal of ophthalmology", "year": 2021, "authors": "Dada T, Bhai N, Midha N, Shakrawal J, Kumar M, Chaurasia P, Gupta S, Angmo D, Yadav R, Dada R, Sihota R.", "design": "Single-blind randomized controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33393484/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2020.10.012" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.ajo.2020.10.012", "pmid": "33393484", "targets": [ "NOS1", "NOS3" ], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "citationCount": 32, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 32, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33393484" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33393484/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2020.10.012" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Three-week meditation adjunct", "comparator": "Glaucoma medication alone", "evidenceType": "Gene expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33393484/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2020.10.012" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/b5xzgp8h", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33393484" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "measurement": "Trabecular-meshwork gene expression and intraocular pressure", "measuredGenes": [ "NOS1", "NOS3" ], "sample": "60 glaucoma patients" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-33393484", "recordId": "pmid-33393484", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 60 glaucoma patients, a three-week meditation adjunct reduced intraocular pressure relative to medication alone and was associated with trabecular-meshwork expression changes involving nitric-oxide and inflammatory pathways.", "limitation": "The measured tissue was ocular rather than brain tissue. The short, small trial and multiple molecular endpoints do not establish a general genomic mechanism or replacement for glaucoma care.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33393484/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2020.10.012" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Mindfulness Meditation Reduces Intraocular Pressure, Lowers Stress Biomarkers and Modulates Gene Expression in Glaucoma: A Randomized Controlled Trial.", "journal": "Journal of glaucoma", "year": 2018, "authors": "Dada T, Mittal D, Mohanty K, Faiq MA, Bhat MA, Yadav RK, Sihota R, Sidhu T, Velpandian T, Kalaivani M, Pandey RM, Gao Y, Sabel BA, Dada R.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30256277/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/ijg.0000000000001088" ], "doi": "10.1097/ijg.0000000000001088", "pmid": "30256277", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression", "Molecular biomarkers" ], "citationCount": 93, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 93, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30256277" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30256277/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/ijg.0000000000001088" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Mindfulness meditation", "comparator": "Waitlist", "evidenceType": "Gene expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30256277/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/ijg.0000000000001088" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/rxs38wbv", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30256277" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "measurement": "Gene-expression and stress-biomarker measurements with intraocular pressure", "measuredGenes": [], "sample": "90 glaucoma patients" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-30256277", "recordId": "pmid-30256277", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 90 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, a short mindfulness programme reduced intraocular pressure relative to waitlist and reported associated stress-biomarker and gene-expression changes.", "limitation": "A small, short-duration adjunctive trial with a waitlist comparator. Expression and biomarker associations do not prove mediation of pressure reduction or broad effects across diseases.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30256277/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/ijg.0000000000001088" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Effects of Sudarshan KriyaYoga and Advanced Meditation Program on Genetic Expression of Pro-inflammatory and Antioxidants Genes.", "journal": "Cureus", "year": 2023, "authors": "Bhaskar L, Kharya C, Debnath M, Mullapudi T, Subbanna M, Chhabra D, Kumar N, Sharma PP, Bhagat OL, Kochupillai V.", "design": "Nonrandomized controlled molecular study", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37546047/", "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41377", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10400732/" ], "doi": "10.7759/cureus.41377", "pmid": "37546047", "targets": [ "IL6", "IL1B", "TNF" ], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "citationCount": 3, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 3, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37546047" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37546047/", "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41377", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10400732/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Sudarshan Kriya Yoga retreat", "comparator": "Experienced practitioners not attending the retreat", "evidenceType": "Gene expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37546047/", "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41377", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10400732/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37546047" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "measurement": "Inflammatory and antioxidant messenger RNA", "measuredGenes": [ "IL6", "IL1B", "TNF" ], "sample": "97 experienced practitioners" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-37546047", "recordId": "pmid-37546047", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "Among 97 experienced practitioners, a Sudarshan Kriya Yoga retreat was associated with changes in inflammatory and antioxidant gene-expression measures, including IL6, relative to a comparison group.", "limitation": "Allocation was not random, and pre-pandemic and pandemic-era cohorts differed. The intervention combined breathing and meditation; it does not isolate mantra or establish general clinical benefit.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37546047/", "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41377", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10400732/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Changes in the expression of inflammatory and epigenetic-modulatory genes after an intensive meditation retreat.", "journal": "Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology", "year": 2022, "authors": "Álvarez-López MJ, Conklin QA, Cosín-Tomás M, Shields GS, King BG, Zanesco AP, Kaliman P, Saron CD.", "design": "Nonrandomized controlled transcriptomic study", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35818436/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100152", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9270205/" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100152", "pmid": "35818436", "targets": [ "TNF" ], "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "citationCount": 15, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 15, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35818436" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35818436/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100152", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9270205/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Three-week meditation retreat", "comparator": "Experienced practitioners remaining in the community", "evidenceType": "Gene expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35818436/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100152", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9270205/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35818436" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "measurement": "Blood gene expression, including inflammatory and chromatin-related signals", "measuredGenes": [ "TNF" ], "sample": "28 retreat participants and 34 community controls" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-35818436", "recordId": "pmid-35818436", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "A three-week retreat study comparing 28 experienced meditators with 34 community-based practitioners reported changes in TNF and chromatin-related blood gene-expression patterns.", "limitation": "Retreat participation was not randomised. Lifestyle, setting and participant selection remain plausible explanations; molecular changes do not demonstrate improved disease outcomes.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35818436/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100152", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9270205/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "PCC-hippocampal functional connectivity associated with stress biomarker changes after meditation training for healthy adults.", "journal": "Neuroscience letters", "year": 2025, "authors": "Joss D, Sevinc G, Denninger JW, Khalsa SBS, Hoge EA, Bhasin M, Dusek JA, Macklin E, Libermann TA, Fricchione GL, Benson H, Lazar SW.", "design": "Secondary imaging and transcriptomic analysis of a randomized trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40414454/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2025.138272", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12287978/" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.neulet.2025.138272", "pmid": "40414454", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Gene expression", "Brain & nervous system" ], "citationCount": 1, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 1, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40414454" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40414454/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2025.138272", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12287978/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Eight-week meditation, yoga or education", "comparator": "Yoga and education arms of the same parent trial", "evidenceType": "Gene expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40414454/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2025.138272", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12287978/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40414454" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "measurement": "Brain connectivity and stress-related transcriptional regulation", "measuredGenes": [], "sample": "94 participants in a parent-trial subset", "relationshipNote": "NCT01308970; parent-trial overlap with PMID 41020112" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-rna-pmid-40414454", "recordId": "pmid-40414454", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "A 94-person subset of a meditation, yoga and education trial linked changes in brain connectivity with stress-related measures and inflammatory gene-regulation signals, informing hypotheses about mind-body pathways.", "limitation": "This is a secondary analysis of NCT01308970, also represented by PMID 41020112 in the library. Associations between connectivity and molecular measures do not establish causal mediation or an independent trial replication.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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Change in a group of nine FKBP5 methylation sites was associated with greater improvement (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.1–7.1).", "limitation": "Genotype and DNA methylation were measured; this is not direct RNA-expression evidence. Associations across two meditation studies do not isolate a treatment mechanism.", "citationCount": 9, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 9, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007/s12035-024-04096-6" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The reported analysis relates genotype and methylation to response across two studies; it is not an independent blinded randomized treatment comparison.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38671329/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04096-6" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [ "SLC6A4", "FKBP5" ], "categories": [ "Epigenetics" ], "doi": "10.1007/s12035-024-04096-6", "pmid": "38671329", "evidence": { "intervention": "MBSR and Transcendental Meditation", "comparator": "Treatment-response associations", "sample": "72 veterans with PTSD", "measurement": "DNA genotyping and CpG methylation in SLC6A4 and FKBP5", "timing": "Before and after 9 weeks", "trialId": null, "measuredGenes": [ "SLC6A4", "FKBP5" ], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "DNA methylation / genotype", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38671329/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04096-6" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract; full methods and parent-trial identities await verification. Jadad assessment pending.", "relationshipNote": "Secondary analysis draws on MBSR and TM trial participants; it is not an independent treatment trial." }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The reported analysis relates genotype and methylation to response across two studies; it is not an independent blinded randomized treatment comparison.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38671329/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04096-6" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-epigenetics-doi-10.1007-s12671-026-02877-9", "recordId": "doi-10.1007-s12671-026-02877-9", "title": "Dynamic Methylation Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Genes During Mindfulness Practice – a Proof-of-Concept Study", "journal": "Mindfulness", "year": 2026, "authors": "", "design": "Nonrandomized controlled pre/post study", "urls": [ "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-026-02877-9" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "In 17 long-term meditators and 17 matched controls, researchers examined methylation at 19 CpG sites across seven genes. A month-long retreat was associated with changes at selected sites, including ABCA7 and HOXA3; some ADAM10 differences separated meditators from controls.", "limitation": "A small, nonrandomized blood-methylation study. It did not measure brain RNA or establish prevention or treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Baseline average ADAM10 methylation did not remain significant after multiple-testing correction.", "citationCount": 0, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 0, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007/s12671-026-02877-9" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "Experienced meditators and matched controls were compared without random allocation.", "sources": [ "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-026-02877-9" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [ "ABCA7", "ADAM10", "APOE", "HOXA3", "NXN", "TREM2", "TREML2" ], "categories": [ "Epigenetics" ], "doi": "10.1007/s12671-026-02877-9", "pmid": null, "evidence": { "intervention": "One-month Vipassana retreat in long-term practitioners", "comparator": "Matched non-meditating controls", "sample": "17 meditators and 17 controls", "measurement": "Peripheral blood leukocyte DNA; targeted CpG methylation", "timing": "Before and after one month", "evidenceType": "DNA methylation", "measuredGenes": [ "ABCA7", "ADAM10", "APOE", "HOXA3", "NXN", "TREM2", "TREML2" ], "pathways": [], "sourceURLs": [ "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-026-02877-9" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Full-text methods and results; Jadad applicability pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Experienced meditators and matched controls were compared without random allocation.", "sources": [ "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-026-02877-9" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Preliminary indications of the effect of a brief yoga intervention on markers of inflammation and DNA methylation in chronically stressed women", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "year": 2016, "authors": "K N Harkess; J Ryan; P H Delfabbro; S Cohen-Woods", "design": "Exploratory molecular substudy of a yoga trial", "urls": [ "https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2016234", "https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.234", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5290356/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27898068/" ], "doi": "10.1038/tp.2016.234", "pmid": "27898068", "targets": [ "TNF", "IL6" ], "neurotransmitters": [], "categories": [ "Epigenetics" ], "citationCount": 75, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 75, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038/tp.2016.234" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "observational", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Exploratory molecular substudy of a yoga trial. No masked human randomized trial classification is assigned.", "sources": [ "https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2016234", "https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.234", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5290356/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27898068/" ], "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23" }, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Epigenetics", "sample": "28 chronically stressed women from a larger trial", "measurement": "Targeted DNA methylation and inflammatory proteins", "measuredGenes": [ "TNF", "IL6", "CRP" ], "relationshipNote": "The molecular sample contained 28 women. Its retrospective and uncontrolled longitudinal components limit causal interpretation, despite recruitment from a larger randomized trial.", "sourceURLs": [ "https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2016234", "https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.234", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5290356/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27898068/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-epigenetics-pmid-27898068", "recordId": "pmid-27898068", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "An exploratory substudy in chronically stressed women reported lower methylation in a TNF region following a brief yoga intervention. Comparable regional changes were not found for IL6 or CRP, and a reduction in circulating inflammatory markers was not established.", "limitation": "The molecular sample contained 28 women. 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Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30279666/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00418", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6153325/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642245" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "MBSR", "comparator": "Responders versus nonresponders to the same MBSR programme", "evidenceType": "Epigenetics", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30279666/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00418", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6153325/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642245" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Abstract, full-text participant selection and limitations, and 2021 corrigendum checked.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/d68s6qxz", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30279666" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "measurement": "Blood DNA methylation", "measuredGenes": [ "FKBP5", "SLC6A4" ], "sample": "22 veterans", "relationshipNote": "NCT01548742; responder subsample", "correctionURL": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642245" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-epigenetics-pmid-30279666", "recordId": "pmid-30279666", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 22 veterans receiving MBSR, responders showed increased FKBP5 methylation while nonresponders showed decreased methylation, following the corrected direction reported in the 2021 corrigendum.", "limitation": "The exploratory responder comparison was not randomised; its multiplicity-adjusted p value was 0.052. SLC6A4 did not show a corresponding positive result. Blood DNA methylation is distinct from brain gene expression.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39413359/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/10998004241289629" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "MBSR", "comparator": "Education/support", "evidenceType": "Genetics & genomics", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39413359/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/10998004241289629" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39413359" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "measurement": "Genotype moderation of cognitive response; not gene expression", "measuredGenes": [ "DRD2", "COMT", "ANKK1" ], "sample": "128 breast-cancer survivors", "relationshipNote": "NCT02786797; exploratory genetic moderator analysis", "trialId": "NCT02786797" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-epigenetics-pmid-39413359", "recordId": "pmid-39413359", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 128 breast-cancer survivors randomised to MBSR or education/support, variants including DRD2 rs6277 were associated with differences in cognitive response to the intervention.", "limitation": "This was a small exploratory moderator analysis across multiple variants. 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Mean CGI-S improvement was 1.35 points with MBSR and 1.43 with escitalopram.", "limitation": "This result applies to a structured, teacher-led MBSR course and the trial’s noninferiority margin. It is not a test of an app or gene expression.", "citationCount": 184, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 184, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3679" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The article identifies a single-blind trial: independent clinical evaluators were masked, while participants and providers knew the treatment.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9647561/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36350591/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3679", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03522844" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3679", "pmid": "36350591", "evidence": { "intervention": "MBSR", "comparator": "Escitalopram", "sample": "276 adults randomized; 208 in the primary per-protocol analysis", "measurement": "Clinician-rated anxiety severity", "timing": "8-week primary endpoint; follow-up to 24 weeks", "trialId": "NCT03522844", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "Clinical outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9647561/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36350591/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3679" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The article identifies a single-blind trial: independent clinical evaluators were masked, while participants and providers knew the treatment.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36350591/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9647561/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3679", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03522844" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-35820992", "recordId": "pmid-35820992", "title": "Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of universal school-based mindfulness training compared with normal school provision in reducing risk of mental health problems and promoting well-being in adolescence: the MYRIAD cluster randomised controlled trial", "journal": "Evidence-based mental health", "year": 2022, "authors": "Kuyken W, Ball S, Crane C, Ganguli P, Jones B, Montero-Marin J, Nuthall E, Raja A, Taylor L, Tudor K, Viner RM, Allwood M, Aukland L, Dunning D, Casey T, Dalrymple N, De Wilde K, Farley ER, Harper J, Kappelmann N, Kempnich M, Lord L, Medlicott E, Palmer L, Petit A, Philips A, Pryor-Nitsch I, Radley L, Sonley A, Shackleford J, Tickell A, Blakemore SJ, Team TM, Ukoumunne OC, Greenberg MT, Ford T, Dalgleish T, Byford S, Williams JMG.", "design": "Cluster randomized controlled trial; unblinded", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9340028/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35820992/", "https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2021-300396" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "MYRIAD found no evidence that universal school mindfulness training improved the three primary mental-health outcomes over usual provision at one year.", "limitation": "An important null finding in adolescents. Results apply to universal school delivery, rather than adult clinical MBSR or MBCT. Molecular outcomes were not measured.", "citationCount": 241, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 241, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1136/ebmental-2021-300396" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "Students and teachers were not blind to allocation. The main outcomes used self-report; the paper does not establish blinded outcome assessment.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9340028/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35820992/", "https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2021-300396" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.1136/ebmental-2021-300396", "pmid": "35820992", "evidence": { "intervention": "Universal school-based mindfulness training", "comparator": "Usual social-emotional teaching", "sample": "8,376 students in 84 schools in the analysis", "measurement": "Depression risk, social-emotional functioning and wellbeing", "timing": "10 lessons; primary endpoint at 1 year", "trialId": "ISRCTN86619085", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "Clinical outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9340028/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35820992/", "https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2021-300396" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "open-label", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Students and teachers were not blind to allocation. The main outcomes used self-report; the paper does not establish blinded outcome assessment.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35820992/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9340028/", "https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2021-300396" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-27002445", "recordId": "pmid-27002445", "title": "Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Usual Care on Back Pain and Functional Limitations in Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "journal": "JAMA", "year": 2016, "authors": "Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Balderson BH, Cook AJ, Anderson ML, Hawkes RJ, Hansen KE, Turner JA.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; single-blind (interviewers)", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4914381/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27002445/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2323" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "At 26 weeks, meaningful functional improvement occurred in 60.5% receiving MBSR, 57.7% receiving CBT and 44.1% receiving usual care. Both active treatments improved pain outcomes; no significant difference separated MBSR and CBT.", "limitation": "These are clinical pain and function outcomes, not molecular measurements. The trial does not establish superiority over CBT.", "citationCount": 661, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 661, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1001/jama.2016.2323" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The article explicitly describes an interviewer-blind trial with follow-up interviewers masked to treatment group.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4914381/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27002445/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2323", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01467843" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.1001/jama.2016.2323", "pmid": "27002445", "evidence": { "intervention": "MBSR", "comparator": "Cognitive behavioural therapy or usual care", "sample": "342 adults with chronic low-back pain", "measurement": "Pain bothersomeness and functional limitations", "timing": "8 weeks; primary endpoint at 26 weeks; follow-up to 52 weeks", "trialId": "NCT01467843", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "Clinical outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4914381/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27002445/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2323" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The article explicitly describes an interviewer-blind trial with follow-up interviewers masked to treatment group.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27002445/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4914381/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2323", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01467843" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-26241597", "recordId": "pmid-26241597", "title": "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Veterans: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "journal": "JAMA", "year": 2015, "authors": "Polusny MA, Erbes CR, Thuras P, Moran A, Lamberty GJ, Collins RC, Rodman JL, Lim KO.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; single-blind (clinical assessors)", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26241597/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8361" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "MBSR produced greater improvement in self-reported PTSD symptoms than present-centred therapy. More participants achieved clinically significant symptom improvement, but loss of PTSD diagnosis did not differ significantly.", "limitation": "The mean advantage was modest, and treatment-session duration differed between groups. This study did not measure gene expression.", "citationCount": 280, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 280, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1001/jama.2015.8361" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The publication and authors’ follow-up confirm blinded clinical interviews. Participants knew their treatment. The register labels investigators and assessors as double masked; this classification follows the confirmed assessor blinding in the published study.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26241597/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8361", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01548742", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10688415/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.1001/jama.2015.8361", "pmid": "26241597", "evidence": { "intervention": "MBSR", "comparator": "Present-centred group therapy", "sample": "116 veterans with PTSD", "measurement": "Self-reported PTSD symptoms; clinician assessments", "timing": "9 sessions; follow-up at 2 months", "trialId": "NCT01548742", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "Clinical outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26241597/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8361" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication and authors’ follow-up confirm blinded clinical interviews. Participants knew their treatment. The register labels investigators and assessors as double masked; this classification follows the confirmed assessor blinding in the published study.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26241597/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8361", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01548742", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10688415/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-25907157", "recordId": "pmid-25907157", "title": "Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial", "journal": "Lancet (London, England)", "year": 2015, "authors": "Kuyken W, Hayes R, Barrett B, Byng R, Dalgleish T, Kessler D, Lewis G, Watkins E, Brejcha C, Cardy J, Causley A, Cowderoy S, Evans A, Gradinger F, Kaur S, Lanham P, Morant N, Richards J, Shah P, Sutton H, Vicary R, Weaver A, Wilks J, Williams M, Taylor RS, Byford S.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; single-blind (research assessors)", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25907157/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62222-4" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "PREVENT found no evidence that MBCT with taper support was superior to maintenance antidepressants for preventing relapse over two years (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.67–1.18).", "limitation": "This was a superiority trial. Absence of a significant difference does not establish equivalence or noninferiority. Medication changes were supported within the trial.", "citationCount": 445, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 445, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62222-4" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The abstract explicitly identifies a single-blind trial: participants knew allocation and research assessors were masked.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25907157/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62222-4" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62222-4", "pmid": "25907157", "evidence": { "intervention": "Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy with medication-taper support", "comparator": "Maintenance antidepressants", "sample": "424 adults with recurrent depression", "measurement": "Time to depressive relapse or recurrence", "timing": "24 months", "trialId": "ISRCTN26666654", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "Clinical outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25907157/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62222-4" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The abstract explicitly identifies a single-blind trial: participants knew allocation and research assessors were masked.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25907157/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62222-4" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-40379363", "recordId": "pmid-40379363", "title": "Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus treatment as usual after non-remission with NHS Talking Therapies high-intensity psychological therapy for depression: a UK-based clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness randomised, controlled, superiority trial", "journal": "The lancet. Psychiatry", "year": 2025, "authors": "Barnhofer T, Dunn BD, Strauss C, Ruths FA, Barrett B, Ryan M, Ladwa A, Stafford F, Fichera R, Baber H, McGuinness A, Metcalfe I, Kan DKY, Pooley J, Harding D, Tassie E, Carson J, Rhodes S, Young AH, Connors J, Warren FC.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; masked statistical analysis", "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12078190/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40379363/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00105-1" ], "quotes": [], "summary": "In RESPOND, MBCT plus usual care reduced depression symptoms more than usual care at 34 weeks: an adjusted PHQ-9 difference of −2.49 points (95% CI −3.89 to −1.09).", "limitation": "The control received usual care rather than a matched group intervention. The study assesses symptoms and costs; it does not test gene expression.", "citationCount": 16, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 16, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00105-1" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "Participants and therapists were unmasked, and follow-up outcomes were self-reported electronically. Masked statistical analysis alone is not treated as single-blind outcome assessment.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12078190/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40379363/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00105-1" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true }, "sourcePages": [], "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "doi": "10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00105-1", "pmid": "40379363", "evidence": { "intervention": "MBCT plus usual care", "comparator": "Usual care", "sample": "234 adults with depression persisting after psychological therapy", "measurement": "PHQ-9 depression symptoms", "timing": "8-week course; primary endpoint at 34 weeks", "trialId": "ISRCTN17755571", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "Clinical outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12078190/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40379363/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00105-1" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Participants and therapists were unmasked, and follow-up outcomes were self-reported electronically. Masked statistical analysis alone is not treated as single-blind outcome assessment.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40379363/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12078190/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00105-1" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Self-administered mindfulness interventions reduce stress in a large, randomized controlled multi-site study", "journal": "Nature Human Behaviour", "year": 2024, "authors": "Alessandro Sparacio; Hans IJzerman; Ivan Ropovik; Filippo Giorgini; Christoph Spiessens; Bert N. Uchino; Joshua Landvatter; Tracey Tacana; Sandra J. Diller; Jaye L. Derrick; Joahana Segundo; Jace D. Pierce; Robert M. Ross; Zoë Francis; Amanda LaBoucane; Christine Ma-Kellams; Maire B. Ford; Kathleen Schmidt; Celia C. Wong; Wendy C. Higgins; Bryant M. Stone; Samantha K. Stanley; Gianni Ribeiro; Paul T. Fuglestad; Valerie Jaklin; Andrea Kübler; Philipp Ziebell; Crystal L. Jewell; Yulia Kovas; Mahnoosh Allahghadri; Charlotte Fransham; Michael F. Baranski; Hannah Burgess; Annika B. E. Benz; Maysa DeSousa; Catherine E. Nylin; Janae C. Brooks; Caitlyn M. Goldsmith; Jessica M. Benson; Siobhán M. Griffin; Stephen Dunne; William E. Davis; Tam J. Watermeyer; William B. Meese; Jennifer L. Howell; Laurel Standiford Reyes; Megan G. Strickland; Sally S. Dickerson; Samantha Pescatore; Shayna Skakoon-Sparling; Zachary I. Wunder; Martin V. Day; Shawna Brenton; Audrey H. Linden; Christopher E. Hawk; Léan V. O’Brien; Tenzin Urgyen; Jennifer S. McDonald; Kim Lien van der Schans; Heidi Blocker; Caroline Ng Tseung-Wong; Gabriela M. Jiga-Boy", "design": "Randomized controlled multisite study", "urls": [ "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01907-7", "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01907-7", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11420060/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38862815/" ], "doi": "10.1038/s41562-024-01907-7", "pmid": "38862815", "targets": [], "neurotransmitters": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 24, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 24, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038/s41562-024-01907-7" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Random assignment and an active comparison are reported. A single- or double-blind classification is not established from the reviewed methods.", "sources": [ "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01907-7", "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01907-7", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11420060/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38862815/" ], "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23" }, "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Clinical & self-report", "sample": "2,239 participants at 37 sites", "measurement": "Immediate self-reported stress", "measuredGenes": [], "relationshipNote": "The outcomes were short term and self-reported, with predominantly English-speaking participants in higher-income settings. Gene expression was not measured.", "sourceURLs": [ "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01907-7", "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-01907-7", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11420060/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38862815/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-38862815", "recordId": "pmid-38862815", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "Across 37 sites and 2,239 participants, four brief self-administered mindfulness exercises reduced immediate self-reported stress compared with an active control. The body-scan exercise produced the largest reduction among the tested exercises.", "limitation": "The outcomes were short term and self-reported, with predominantly English-speaking participants in higher-income settings. Gene expression was not measured.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Random assignment and an active comparison are reported. 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Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12883106/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000077505.67574.e3" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Eight-week workplace mindfulness training", "comparator": "Waitlist", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12883106/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000077505.67574.e3" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/12883106" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-12883106", "recordId": "pmid-12883106", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "An eight-week workplace mindfulness study, with 25 meditators and 16 waitlist participants tested, reported greater left-anterior EEG activation and a stronger influenza-vaccine antibody response in the meditation group.", "limitation": "Small sample, waitlist comparator and physiological endpoints limit clinical inference. Antibody response and EEG activity are not measurements of gene expression.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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The study concerns survivorship wellbeing, not tumour response or cancer prevention.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25686304/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8081", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4407465/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Six-week mindful-awareness practices", "comparator": "Sleep-hygiene education", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25686304/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8081", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4407465/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/25686304" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "trialId": "NCT01534338" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-25686304", "recordId": "pmid-25686304", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 49 older adults with sleep disturbance, mindful-awareness training improved Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores by 1.8 points more than structured sleep-hygiene education, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.6 to 2.9.", "limitation": "The trial was small and measured immediate post-treatment effects. Inflammatory NF-kappaB measures did not differ between groups, so the sleep benefit does not establish that molecular pathway as its cause.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23541163/", "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.12m08083", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3772979/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Eight-week MBSR", "comparator": "Stress-management education", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23541163/", "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.12m08083", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3772979/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23541163" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "trialId": "NCT01033851" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-23541163", "recordId": "pmid-23541163", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In a 93-person generalised-anxiety trial, MBSR improved several secondary anxiety ratings and stress-challenge responses more than stress-management education.", "limitation": "The primary Hamilton Anxiety outcome improved in both arms without a significant between-group difference. The positive findings are secondary outcomes and laboratory stress responses.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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The paper classifies its evidence as Class III.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22430268/", "https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.34.0331" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Eight-week MBSR", "comparator": "Standard care", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22430268/", "https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.34.0331" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22430268" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-22430268", "recordId": "pmid-22430268", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 229 breast-cancer survivors, eight-week MBSR improved mood, breast- and endocrine-related quality of life and wellbeing relative to standard care, with several benefits retained at 12 weeks.", "limitation": "A waitlist-style standard-care comparison leaves nonspecific support effects unresolved. These are supportive-care outcomes rather than evidence of anticancer activity.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22430268/", "https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.34.0331" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial.", "journal": "Drug and alcohol dependence", "year": 2011, "authors": "Brewer JA, Mallik S, Babuscio TA, Nich C, Johnson HE, Deleone CM, Minnix-Cotton CA, Byrne SA, Kober H, Weinstein AJ, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21723049/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.027", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3191261/" ], "doi": "10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.027", "pmid": "21723049", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 223, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 223, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21723049" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21723049/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.027", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3191261/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Four-week mindfulness training for smoking cessation", "comparator": "Freedom from Smoking programme", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21723049/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.027", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3191261/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21723049" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review." }, "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-21723049", "recordId": "pmid-21723049", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In an 88-person smoking-cessation trial, mindfulness training reduced smoking more than the comparison programme; carbon-monoxide-confirmed seven-day abstinence at week 17 was 31% versus 6%.", "limitation": "The end-of-treatment abstinence difference was not statistically significant. This was an initial, small trial with a relatively short follow-up.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21723049/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.027", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3191261/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "A mindfulness-based intervention to increase resilience to stress in university students (the Mindful Student Study): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial.", "journal": "The Lancet. Public health", "year": 2018, "authors": "Galante J, Dufour G, Vainre M, Wagner AP, Stochl J, Benton A, Lathia N, Howarth E, Jones PB.", "design": "Single-blind randomized controlled trial (outcome assessors blinded)", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29422189/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30231-1", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813792/" ], "doi": "10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30231-1", "pmid": "29422189", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 230, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 230, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29422189" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29422189/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30231-1", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813792/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Mindfulness Skills for Students", "comparator": "Usual student support", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29422189/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30231-1", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813792/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/kzsfppn4", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29422189" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "trialId": "ACTRN12615001160527" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-29422189", "recordId": "pmid-29422189", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In the 616-student Mindful Student Study, an eight-week course reduced exam-period psychological distress relative to usual support. The adjusted difference was -0.14 CORE-OM points, with a 95% confidence interval of -0.22 to -0.06.", "limitation": "Only 74% completed the exam-period outcome, and 59% of assigned students attended at least half the course. Participants knew allocation and the comparator did not match instructor attention.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29422189/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30231-1", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813792/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" } }, { "title": "Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial.", "journal": "JAMA psychiatry", "year": 2014, "authors": "Bowen S, Witkiewitz K, Clifasefi SL, Grow J, Chawla N, Hsu SH, Carroll HA, Harrop E, Collins SE, Lustyk MK, Larimer ME.", "design": "Randomized controlled trial", "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24647726/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4489711/" ], "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546", "pmid": "24647726", "targets": [], "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "citationCount": 384, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 384, "source": "Europe PMC", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-26", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24647726" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24647726/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4489711/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Mindfulness-based relapse prevention", "comparator": "Relapse prevention and usual aftercare", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24647726/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4489711/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24647726" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "trialId": "NCT01159535" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-24647726", "recordId": "pmid-24647726", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 286 adults completing substance-use treatment, mindfulness-based relapse prevention reduced substance-use days and heavy drinking at 12 months relative to standard relapse prevention and usual aftercare.", "limitation": "Benefits varied by endpoint and time: standard relapse prevention delayed first drug use more effectively at six months. Results concern structured aftercare, not a stand-alone meditation cure for addiction.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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The successful result applies to the specified recurrent-depression subgroup and cannot be generalised across all depression histories.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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Neuroimaging associations do not identify a single exclusive therapeutic mechanism.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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Blinding terminology reflects the source report, not an independent risk-of-bias rating.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36006668/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/31744", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9459942/" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-26", "registeredMaskingBasis": false }, "evidence": { "intervention": "Unguided Headspace mindfulness app", "comparator": "Moodzone active digital control", "evidenceType": "Clinical or experimental outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36006668/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/31744", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9459942/" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-26", "reviewScope": "Primary publication abstract and bibliographic identity checked; comprehensive full-text risk-of-bias and Jadad assessment pending.", "discoverySources": [ "https://daytab.com/study/grzqqtpq", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36006668" ], "selectionPolicy": "Success-focused discovery selection, with material limitations retained; not an exhaustive systematic review.", "trialId": "ISRCTN15424185" }, "id": "language-mindfulness-clinical-pmid-36006668", "recordId": "pmid-36006668", "quotes": [], "sourcePages": [], "summary": "In 2,182 NHS staff, a digital mindfulness app produced a small but statistically significant reduction in stress relative to an active digital control over 4.5 months, with additional benefits on several wellbeing measures.", "limitation": "Effects were small and burnout and sickness absence did not improve significantly. Engagement was limited; this supports a scalable adjunct rather than a substitute for organisational support.", "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Reported design checked against the primary publication abstract. 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