{ "reviewedAt": "2026-11-05", "records": [ { "id": "pmid-41534731", "pmid": "41534731", "doi": "10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284", "title": "Neural mechanisms of mindfulness: reduced neural reactivity to social-evaluative threat accounts for mindfulness intervention effects on inflammatory gene expression", "journal": "Brain, behavior, and immunity", "year": 2026, "authors": "Blades RB, Boyle CC, Eisenberger NI, Cole SW, Korecki JRT, Fuligni AJ, Bower JE.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; registered single-blind (outcome assessors)", "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "targets": [], "priority": 0, "finding": "After six weeks, the meditation group showed lower neural responses to social-evaluative threat and lower inferred NF-κB activity. The gene-regulation difference lost statistical significance after adjustment for the neural-response change.", "limitation": "A small waitlist-controlled trial. Promoter analysis estimates transcription-factor activity; the analysis does not establish a causal neural mechanism.", "evidence": { "intervention": "Mindful Awareness Practices", "comparator": "Waitlist", "sample": "49 young adults; 26 meditation, 23 control", "measurement": "Blood leukocytes; genome-wide RNA and fMRI", "timing": "6 weeks", "trialId": "NCT05304052", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "NF-κB" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41534731/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41534731/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284" ], "researchGroup": "rna", "jadad": { "status": "unassessed", "score": null }, "citationCount": 1, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 1, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The linked trial register specifies masked outcome assessors; participants knew their allocation.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41534731/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05304052" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": true, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The linked trial register specifies masked outcome assessors; participants knew their allocation.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41534731/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106284", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05304052" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" }, "legacyArticleStars": null, "legacyRatingBasis": null, "stars": 2, "ratingBasis": "The linked trial register specifies masked outcome assessors; participants knew their allocation." }, { "id": "pmid-41020112", "pmid": "41020112", "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653242", "title": "Psychological assessments, allostatic load and gene expression analyses in a randomized controlled trial comparing meditation, yoga, and stress education", "journal": "Frontiers in psychology", "year": 2025, "authors": "Denninger JW, Joss D, Romero PM, Khalsa SBS, Hoge EA, Bhasin M, Lazar SW, Dusek JA, Macklin E, Libermann T, Fricchione GL, Benson H.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; registered double-blind (participants and outcome assessors)", "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "targets": [], "priority": 0, "finding": "The three-arm trial found no significant between-group effects on psychological, genomic or allostatic-load outcomes. Most psychological measures improved within each group. Circulating IL-6 increased slightly within the meditation group at follow-up, remaining in the normal range.", "limitation": "Within-group improvement does not establish a treatment advantage. Participants were stressed but otherwise healthy; results may differ in clinical populations.", "evidence": { "intervention": "Meditation or yoga", "comparator": "Stress education", "sample": "211 chronically stressed adults: 73 meditation, 68 yoga, 70 control", "measurement": "Blood gene-expression measures and allostatic-load biomarkers", "timing": "8 weeks; measurements at weeks 0, 9 and 26", "trialId": "NCT01308970", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12463968/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41020112/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653242" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12463968/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41020112/", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653242" ], "researchGroup": "rna", "jadad": { "status": "unassessed", "score": null }, "citationCount": 3, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 3, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653242" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The linked trial register specifies double masking of participants and outcome assessors. 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The article does not describe the masking procedure; this classification reflects the registered design." }, { "id": "pmid-39680432", "pmid": "39680432", "doi": "10.2196/65506", "title": "Effect of a Web-Based Heartfulness Program on the Mental Well-Being, Biomarkers, and Gene Expression Profile of Health Care Students: Randomized Controlled Trial", "journal": "JMIR bioinformatics and biotechnology", "year": 2024, "authors": "Thimmapuram J, Patel KD, Bhatt D, Chauhan A, Madhusudhan D, Bhatt KK, Deshpande S, Budhbhatti U, Joshi C.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; blinding not reported", "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "targets": [], "priority": 0, "finding": "At 12 weeks, RNA sequencing identified 292 upregulated and 1,180 downregulated genes in the meditation group relative to controls. Reported stress and distress improved. IL-6 protein fell in both groups, with a larger reduction in controls.", "limitation": "An exploratory trial with an inactive comparator and exclusion of participants missing follow-up. Enrichment analysis does not establish changes in every gene belonging to a pathway.", "evidence": { "intervention": "Web-based Heartfulness meditation", "comparator": "Usual routine", "sample": "78 health-care students randomized; completer analysis", "measurement": "Whole blood; mRNA sequencing; circulating IL-6 and DHEA-S", "timing": "12 weeks", "trialId": "ISRCTN82860715", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "Serotonergic signalling", "Circadian entrainment", "IL-17 signalling" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686021/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39680432/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/65506" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686021/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39680432/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/65506" ], "researchGroup": "rna", "jadad": { "status": "unassessed", "score": null }, "citationCount": 4, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 4, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.2196/65506" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The article and ISRCTN record describe random allocation but do not report blinding. 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Blinding is not established by these sources.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39680432/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11686021/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/65506", "https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN82860715" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" }, "legacyArticleStars": 1, "legacyRatingBasis": "Indexed journal paper; blinded-RCT criteria are not confirmed in the retrieved record.", "stars": 2, "ratingBasis": "The article and ISRCTN record describe random allocation but do not report blinding. Blinding is not established by these sources." }, { "id": "pmid-38671329", "pmid": "38671329", "doi": "10.1007/s12035-024-04096-6", "title": "Serotonin Transporter (SLC6A4) and FK506-Binding Protein 5 (FKBP5) Genotype and Methylation Relationships with Response to Meditation in Veterans with PTSD", "journal": "Molecular neurobiology", "year": 2024, "authors": "Lee A, Thuras P, Baller J, Jiao C, Guo B, Erbes CR, Polusny MA, Liu C, Wu B, Lim KO, Bishop JR.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Secondary analysis of two intervention studies", "categories": [ "Epigenetics" ], "targets": [ "SLC6A4", "FKBP5" ], "priority": 0, "finding": "SLC6A4 genotype was associated with symptom improvement among veterans exposed to early-life trauma. Change in a group of nine FKBP5 methylation sites was associated with greater improvement (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.1–7.1).", "limitation": "Genotype and DNA methylation were measured; this is not direct RNA-expression evidence. Associations across two meditation studies do not isolate a treatment mechanism.", "evidence": { "intervention": "MBSR and Transcendental Meditation", "comparator": "Treatment-response associations", "sample": "72 veterans with PTSD", "measurement": "DNA genotyping and CpG methylation in SLC6A4 and FKBP5", "timing": "Before and after 9 weeks", "trialId": null, "measuredGenes": [ "SLC6A4", "FKBP5" ], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "DNA methylation / genotype", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38671329/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04096-6" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract; full methods and parent-trial identities await verification. Jadad assessment pending.", "relationshipNote": "Secondary analysis draws on MBSR and TM trial participants; it is not an independent treatment trial." }, "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38671329/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04096-6" ], "researchGroup": "epigenetics", "jadad": { "status": "unassessed", "score": null }, "citationCount": 9, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 9, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007/s12035-024-04096-6" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The reported analysis relates genotype and methylation to response across two studies; it is not an independent blinded randomized treatment comparison.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38671329/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04096-6" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The reported analysis relates genotype and methylation to response across two studies; it is not an independent blinded randomized treatment comparison.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38671329/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04096-6" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" }, "legacyArticleStars": 1, "legacyRatingBasis": "Indexed journal paper; blinded-RCT criteria are not confirmed in the retrieved record.", "stars": 1, "ratingBasis": "The reported analysis relates genotype and methylation to response across two studies; it is not an independent blinded randomized treatment comparison." }, { "id": "pmid-37982547", "pmid": "37982547", "doi": "10.1097/psy.0000000000001264", "title": "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Reduces Proinflammatory Gene Regulation But Not Systemic Inflammation Among Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "journal": "Psychosomatic medicine", "year": 2024, "authors": "Lindsay EK, Marsland AL, Cole SW, Dutcher JM, Greco CM, Wright AGC, Brown KW, Creswell JD.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; single-blind (laboratory assessors)", "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "targets": [], "priority": 0, "finding": "MBSR reduced inferred NF-κB activity relative to the active comparison programme (d=0.17; p=0.028). It did not reduce circulating IL-6 or C-reactive protein. CREB, IRF and glucocorticoid-receptor pathway differences were not statistically significant.", "limitation": "The gene-regulation signal was small and did not translate into a measured reduction in systemic inflammation. Pathway activity was inferred from RNA profiles.", "evidence": { "intervention": "Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)", "comparator": "Health Enhancement Program", "sample": "190 lonely adults aged 65–85", "measurement": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RNA profiling and promoter analysis", "timing": "8 weeks; follow-up at 3 months", "trialId": "NCT02888600", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "NF-κB", "CREB", "IRF", "Glucocorticoid receptor signalling" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11098967/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37982547/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000001264" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11098967/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37982547/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000001264" ], "researchGroup": "rna", "jadad": { "status": "unassessed", "score": null }, "citationCount": 15, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 15, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1097/psy.0000000000001264" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "Laboratory technicians were blind to treatment condition; the linked trial register identifies single masking of outcome assessors.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11098967/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37982547/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000001264", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02888600" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Laboratory technicians were blind to treatment condition; the linked trial register identifies single masking of outcome assessors.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37982547/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11098967/", "https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000001264", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02888600" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" }, "legacyArticleStars": 1, "legacyRatingBasis": "Indexed journal paper; blinded-RCT criteria are not confirmed in the retrieved record.", "stars": 2, "ratingBasis": "Laboratory technicians were blind to treatment condition; the linked trial register identifies single masking of outcome assessors." }, { "id": "pmid-37560036", "pmid": "37560036", "doi": "10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672", "title": "Transcendental Meditation practitioners show reduced expression of the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity", "journal": "Brain, behavior, & immunity - health", "year": 2023, "authors": "Walton KG, Wenuganen S, Cole SW.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Observational comparison; secondary analysis", "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "targets": [], "priority": 0, "finding": "Long-term TM practitioners had lower expression of the prespecified CTRA gene set, with inferred reductions in NF-κB and AP-1 activity and higher interferon-response activity.", "limitation": "A very small observational comparison and secondary analysis of existing data. It cannot establish causation or separate meditation from long-term lifestyle differences.", "evidence": { "intervention": "Long-term Transcendental Meditation", "comparator": "Matched non-meditating controls", "sample": "12 participants; approximately 38 years of practice in the meditation group", "measurement": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RNA profiles", "timing": "Cross-sectional comparison", "trialId": null, "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "CTRA", "NF-κB", "AP-1", "IRF" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10407892/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37560036/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending", "relationshipNote": "Secondary analysis of previously published long-term TM transcription data; do not count as an independent cohort." }, "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10407892/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37560036/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672" ], "researchGroup": "rna", "jadad": { "status": "unassessed", "score": null }, "citationCount": 12, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 12, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "A nonrandomized comparison of long-term practitioners and controls; the analysis does not meet the blinded randomized-trial categories.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10407892/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37560036/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "peer-reviewed", "peerReviewed": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A nonrandomized comparison of long-term practitioners and controls; the analysis does not meet the blinded randomized-trial categories.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37560036/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10407892/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100672" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" }, "legacyArticleStars": 1, "legacyRatingBasis": "Indexed journal paper; blinded-RCT criteria are not confirmed in the retrieved record.", "stars": 1, "ratingBasis": "A nonrandomized comparison of long-term practitioners and controls; the analysis does not meet the blinded randomized-trial categories." }, { "id": "pmid-36350591", "pmid": "36350591", "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3679", "title": "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction vs Escitalopram for the Treatment of Adults With Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "journal": "JAMA psychiatry", "year": 2023, "authors": "Hoge EA, Bui E, Mete M, Dutton MA, Baker AW, Simon NM.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; single-blind (clinical assessors)", "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "MBSR met the prespecified noninferiority criterion against escitalopram for anxiety severity at eight weeks. Mean CGI-S improvement was 1.35 points with MBSR and 1.43 with escitalopram.", "limitation": "This result applies to a structured, teacher-led MBSR course and the trial’s noninferiority margin. It is not a test of an app or gene expression.", "evidence": { "intervention": "MBSR", "comparator": "Escitalopram", "sample": "276 adults randomized; 208 in the primary per-protocol analysis", "measurement": "Clinician-rated anxiety severity", "timing": "8-week primary endpoint; follow-up to 24 weeks", "trialId": "NCT03522844", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "Clinical outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9647561/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36350591/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3679" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9647561/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36350591/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3679" ], "researchGroup": "clinical", "jadad": { "status": "unassessed", "score": null }, "citationCount": 184, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 184, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3679" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The article identifies a single-blind trial: independent clinical evaluators were masked, while participants and providers knew the treatment.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9647561/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36350591/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3679", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03522844" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The article identifies a single-blind trial: independent clinical evaluators were masked, while participants and providers knew the treatment.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36350591/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9647561/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3679", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03522844" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" }, "legacyArticleStars": null, "legacyRatingBasis": null, "stars": 2, "ratingBasis": "The article identifies a single-blind trial: independent clinical evaluators were masked, while participants and providers knew the treatment." }, { "id": "pmid-36267832", "pmid": "36267832", "doi": "10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100531", "title": "Online, low-volume meditation does not alter immune-related biomarkers", "journal": "Brain, behavior, & immunity - health", "year": 2022, "authors": "Graham B, Jin Y, Bazeley P, Husni E, Calabrese LH.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomized pilot trial; single-blind", "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "targets": [], "priority": 0, "finding": "The trial found no significant between-group differences in the prespecified immune-related gene set, wider RNA expression or other tested biomarkers. Stress improved earlier in the music group and later in the mindfulness group.", "limitation": "A small trial of brief online practice in otherwise healthy nurses. 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Results apply to universal school delivery, rather than adult clinical MBSR or MBCT. 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The main outcomes used self-report; the paper does not establish blinded outcome assessment." }, { "id": "pmid-35427760", "pmid": "35427760", "doi": "10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.003", "title": "Smartphone mindfulness meditation training reduces Pro-inflammatory gene expression in stressed adults: A randomized controlled trial", "journal": "Brain, behavior, and immunity", "year": 2022, "authors": "Dutcher JM, Cole SW, Williams AC, Creswell JD.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; registered single-blind (outcome assessors)", "categories": [ "Gene expression" ], "targets": [], "priority": 0, "finding": "Mindfulness training reduced inferred NF-κB activity relative to the active comparison programme. Stress decreased in both groups, without a significant difference between them.", "limitation": "The molecular result concerns an inferred transcription-control pathway. It does not establish a measured change in every NF-κB-related gene or a clinical treatment effect.", "evidence": { "intervention": "Smartphone mindfulness meditation", "comparator": "Problem-solving programme", "sample": "Stressed customer-service workers", "measurement": "Immune-cell gene expression; promoter-based pathway analysis", "timing": "30 days", "trialId": "NCT03803865", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [ "NF-κB" ], "evidenceType": "RNA expression", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35427760/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.003" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35427760/", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.003" ], "researchGroup": "rna", "jadad": { "status": "unassessed", "score": null }, "citationCount": 27, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 27, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.003" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The linked trial register specifies masked outcome assessors. 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The classification reflects the registered masking design." }, { "id": "pmid-27002445", "pmid": "27002445", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2016.2323", "title": "Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Usual Care on Back Pain and Functional Limitations in Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "journal": "JAMA", "year": 2016, "authors": "Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Balderson BH, Cook AJ, Anderson ML, Hawkes RJ, Hansen KE, Turner JA.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; single-blind (interviewers)", "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "At 26 weeks, meaningful functional improvement occurred in 60.5% receiving MBSR, 57.7% receiving CBT and 44.1% receiving usual care. Both active treatments improved pain outcomes; no significant difference separated MBSR and CBT.", "limitation": "These are clinical pain and function outcomes, not molecular measurements. The trial does not establish superiority over CBT.", "evidence": { "intervention": "MBSR", "comparator": "Cognitive behavioural therapy or usual care", "sample": "342 adults with chronic low-back pain", "measurement": "Pain bothersomeness and functional limitations", "timing": "8 weeks; primary endpoint at 26 weeks; follow-up to 52 weeks", "trialId": "NCT01467843", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "Clinical outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4914381/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27002445/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2323" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "urls": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4914381/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27002445/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2323" ], "researchGroup": "clinical", "jadad": { "status": "unassessed", "score": null }, "citationCount": 661, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 661, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1001/jama.2016.2323" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The article explicitly describes an interviewer-blind trial with follow-up interviewers masked to treatment group.", "sources": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4914381/", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27002445/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2323", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01467843" ], "assessedAt": "2026-10-23", "registeredMaskingBasis": false, "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The article explicitly describes an interviewer-blind trial with follow-up interviewers masked to treatment group.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27002445/", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4914381/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2323", "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01467843" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-10-27" }, "legacyArticleStars": null, "legacyRatingBasis": null, "stars": 2, "ratingBasis": "The article explicitly describes an interviewer-blind trial with follow-up interviewers masked to treatment group." }, { "id": "pmid-26241597", "pmid": "26241597", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2015.8361", "title": "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Veterans: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "journal": "JAMA", "year": 2015, "authors": "Polusny MA, Erbes CR, Thuras P, Moran A, Lamberty GJ, Collins RC, Rodman JL, Lim KO.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomized controlled trial; single-blind (clinical assessors)", "categories": [ "Clinical & self-report" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "MBSR produced greater improvement in self-reported PTSD symptoms than present-centred therapy. More participants achieved clinically significant symptom improvement, but loss of PTSD diagnosis did not differ significantly.", "limitation": "The mean advantage was modest, and treatment-session duration differed between groups. This study did not measure gene expression.", "evidence": { "intervention": "MBSR", "comparator": "Present-centred group therapy", "sample": "116 veterans with PTSD", "measurement": "Self-reported PTSD symptoms; clinician assessments", "timing": "9 sessions; follow-up at 2 months", "trialId": "NCT01548742", "measuredGenes": [], "pathways": [], "evidenceType": "Clinical outcomes", "sourceURLs": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26241597/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8361" ], "checkedAt": "2026-10-23", "reviewScope": "Publication abstract and selected full-text methods; Jadad assessment pending" }, "urls": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26241597/", "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8361" ], "researchGroup": "clinical", "jadad": { "status": "unassessed", "score": null }, "citationCount": 280, "citationSnapshot": { "count": 280, "source": "Crossref", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23", "url": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1001/jama.2015.8361" }, "studyDesignAssessment": { "basis": "The publication and authors’ follow-up confirm blinded clinical interviews. 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Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.", "limitation": "The candle flame changed with measured heart rate. The baseline recording calibrated the mapping.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart rate / heartbeat", "relationshipNote": "The candle flame changed with measured heart rate. The baseline recording calibrated the mapping." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. 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The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41269211/", "https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "id": "pmid-38808471", "title": "Using a Biofeedback-Based Mindfulness Practice System to Enhance Mindfulness and Alleviate Anxiety in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "doi": "10.1089/g4h.2024.0041", "pmid": "38808471", "journal": "", "year": 2024, "authors": "", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "Separate short-session and four-week samples included 34 and 38 students respectively. Anxiety improved against the controls in both experiments. Four-week results also favoured the system on selected mindfulness facets.", "limitation": "The MindJourney system returned respiratory feedback. Skin conductance was a measurement outcome.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2024.0041" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Respiration", "relationshipNote": "The MindJourney system returned respiratory feedback. Skin conductance was a measurement outcome." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Separate short-session and four-week samples included 34 and 38 students respectively. Anxiety improved against the controls in both experiments. Four-week results also favoured the system on selected mindfulness facets.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2024.0041" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Separate short-session and four-week samples included 34 and 38 students respectively. Anxiety improved against the controls in both experiments. Four-week results also favoured the system on selected mindfulness facets.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38808471/", "https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2024.0041" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "id": "lab-b2e87b36eea919", "title": "Designing Mindfulness Practice System Based on Biofeedback in VR Environment", "doi": "10.1115/DETC2022-91254", "pmid": null, "journal": "Volume 2: 42nd Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (CIE)", "year": 2022, "authors": "Li Shuo, Zheng Hongtao, Ge Yang, Yuan Wenyu, Han Ting", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Design or demonstration", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "The design paper compares continuous breathing cues with intermittent head-orientation feedback for young beginners. Its authors and system overlap with item 5. Treat this as a related design report.", "limitation": "The system used continuous breathing cues and intermittent head-orientation feedback. Related to the MindJourney college paper.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2022-91254" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Design or demonstration", "measurement": "Respiration · Movement", "relationshipNote": "The system used continuous breathing cues and intermittent head-orientation feedback. Related to the MindJourney college paper." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2022-91254" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2022-91254" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "id": "lab-8b68f71d40e35b", "title": "Human-Computer Co-Regulation: A Review of Biofeedback for Meditative Practice", "doi": "10.1145/3831659", "pmid": null, "journal": "Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies", "year": 2026, "authors": "Liu Mengxi, Peng Danyang, Bian Sizhen, Ray Lala Shakti Swarup, Cheng Yajun, Zhou Bo, Yuan Siyu, Chen Kanyu, Kunze Kai, Minamizawa Kouta, Lukowicz Paul", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "The authors reviewed 39 studies of real-time physiological feedback in contemplative practice. They distinguish respiration or HRV for paced breathing from EEG approaches to attention and skin conductance for arousal.", "limitation": "Review of real-time physiological feedback systems.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3831659" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Review of real-time physiological feedback systems." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3831659" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3831659" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "id": "lab-a8505b36d21db2", "title": "The efficacy of virtual reality-enhanced EEG biofeedback in anxiety treatment: analysis of a digital health intervention", "doi": "10.1080/23311908.2025.2565063", "pmid": null, "journal": "Cogent Psychology", "year": 2025, "authors": "Tong BG, Liang Zi Hong, He Xue Mei, Yang Fan, Jing Lan, Gao Li Jia", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Controlled study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "The study assigned 89 patients across treatment conditions. The combined format showed a self-rated anxiety advantage while clinician-rated anxiety reductions were comparable. The unusual age summaries in Table 2 limit demographic interpretation.", "limitation": "EEG training supplied neurofeedback in the intervention. Clinical anxiety ratings were outcomes.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2025.2565063" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "EEG", "relationshipNote": "EEG training supplied neurofeedback in the intervention. Clinical anxiety ratings were outcomes." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2025.2565063" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2025.2565063" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "id": "lab-a01e7058461d2e", "title": "ZenG", "doi": "10.1145/3325480.3326584", "pmid": null, "journal": "Proceedings of the 2019 on Creativity and Cognition", "year": 2019, "authors": "Potts Dominic, Loveys Kate, Ha HyunYoung, Huang Shaoyan, Billinghurst Mark, Broadbent Elizabeth", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Participant study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "A proof-of-concept garden combines a Magic Leap display, EEG sensing and physical gestures. It is an interaction design precedent.", "limitation": "Relative alpha-band EEG changed the tree colour. Twelve adults took part in informal prototype testing.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3325480.3326584" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "EEG", "relationshipNote": "Relative alpha-band EEG changed the tree colour. Twelve adults took part in informal prototype testing." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3325480.3326584" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3325480.3326584" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "id": "pmid-39642375", "title": "Neurological Evidence of Diverse Self-Help Breathing Training With Virtual Reality and Biofeedback Assistance: Extensive Exploration Study of Electroencephalography Markers", "doi": "10.2196/55478", "pmid": "39642375", "journal": "JMIR Formative Research", "year": 2024, "authors": "Ng Hei-Yin Hydra, Wu Changwei W, Hsu Hao-Che, Huang Chih-Mao, Hsu Ai-Ling, Chao Yi-Ping, Jung Tzyy-Ping, Chuang Chun-Hsiang", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Participant study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "Brain recordings from 51 participants varied across breathing conditions. Task-related EEG findings address attention and physiology during training. They provide no direct measure of lasting clinical improvement.", "limitation": "A respiration belt controlled the meadow. The investigators recorded EEG to compare the practice conditions.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/55478" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Respiration", "relationshipNote": "A respiration belt controlled the meadow. The investigators recorded EEG to compare the practice conditions." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/55478" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642375/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/55478" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "id": "lab-a39047f11e858a", "title": "Effects on Mood and EEG States After Meditation in Augmented Reality With and Without Adjunctive Neurofeedback", "doi": "10.3389/frvir.2021.618381", "pmid": null, "journal": "Frontiers in Virtual Reality", "year": 2021, "authors": "Viczko Jeremy, Tarrant Jeff, Jackson Ray", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "Mood improved after both versions. Participants reported greater engagement with neurofeedback. The groups showed comparable mood and resting EEG changes.", "limitation": "Frontal gamma asymmetry moved a glowing ball and determined when the AR story progressed.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.618381" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "EEG", "relationshipNote": "Frontal gamma asymmetry moved a glowing ball and determined when the AR story progressed." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Mood improved after both versions. Participants reported greater engagement with neurofeedback. The groups showed comparable mood and resting EEG changes.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.618381" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true, "maskingRoles": "Participants were blinded to assignment to the two AR meditation conditions." }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Mood improved after both versions. Participants reported greater engagement with neurofeedback. The groups showed comparable mood and resting EEG changes.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.618381" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "id": "lab-2dde14fee628e5", "title": "Mindful Garden: Supporting Reflection on Biosignals in a Co-Located Augmented Reality Mindfulness Experience", "doi": "10.1145/3500868.3559708", "pmid": null, "journal": "Companion Publication of the 2022 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing", "year": 2022, "authors": "Liu Lika Haizhou, Lu Xi, Martinez Richard, Wang Dennis, Liu Fannie, Monroy-Hernández Andrés, Epstein Daniel A.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Design or demonstration", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "Two people share an AR garden. One guides meditation and the other person’s biosignals shape the flowers. This is a demonstration using smart glasses and a headband.", "limitation": "The headband-based demonstration converted EEG into a flower display for a pair. This entry refers to the smart-glasses version.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3500868.3559708" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Design or demonstration", "measurement": "EEG", "relationshipNote": "The headband-based demonstration converted EEG into a flower display for a pair. This entry refers to the smart-glasses version." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3500868.3559708" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3500868.3559708" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "id": "lab-fadf374f60eafd", "title": "Technology Configurations and Adherence in Virtual Reality-Based Mindfulness: A Systematic Review of Headsets, Wearables, Software, and Therapeutic Applications", "doi": "10.3390/app16167943", "pmid": null, "journal": "Applied Sciences", "year": 2026, "authors": "Moreira Moisés, Carvalho Vitor, Duque Duarte", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "Fifteen reports used varied hardware and adherence definitions. The review found no otherwise-matched trial isolating the effect of adding a wearable on adherence in its eligible set.", "limitation": "Review of headset and wearable configurations.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/app16167943" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Review of headset and wearable configurations." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/app16167943" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/app16167943" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "id": "lab-ca309fa8cd91b6", "title": "Realidade virtual na prática de mindfulness em psicoterapia: uma revisão narrativa", "doi": "10.4025/psicolestud.v26i0.46410", "pmid": null, "journal": "Psicologia em Estudo", "year": 2021, "authors": "Bengel de Paula Dirce Maria, Fernández Moretti Luciana", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "The authors examined 23 reports. Presence, usability and access featured in the designs. They called for controlled studies to isolate which features have therapeutic value.", "limitation": "Narrative review of VR practice in psychotherapy.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v26i0.46410" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Narrative review of VR practice in psychotherapy." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v26i0.46410" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v26i0.46410" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "id": "pmid-34860290", "title": "Virtual Reality Biofeedback in Health: A Scoping Review", "doi": "10.1007/s10484-021-09529-9", "pmid": "34860290", "journal": "Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback", "year": 2021, "authors": "Lüddecke Robin, Felnhofer Anna", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "Eighteen studies, mainly in adults, reported outcomes including stress, anxiety and pain. The authors found little evidence for an efficacy advantage over conventional feedback.", "limitation": "Scoping review of VR biofeedback in health.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-021-09529-9" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Scoping review of VR biofeedback in health." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-021-09529-9" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34860290/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-021-09529-9" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "id": "lab-20e62d6bf5f3f4", "title": "Integrating Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback in Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Mixed Reality as a Mental Health Intervention", "doi": "10.1109/VRW62533.2024.00394", "pmid": null, "journal": "2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)", "year": 2024, "authors": "Nath Nishu, Zavarelli Jace, Stanley Laura, Kalatzis Apostolos, Molina Karl, Lundberg Camille, Perez Angelica, Litwin Alain", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Methods verification incomplete", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "A workshop demonstration combines CBT and simulated HRV feedback in VR, AR and mixed reality. Controlled outcomes were proposed for evaluation.", "limitation": "The workshop abstract describes simulated HRV feedback and a planned comparison. Live sensing in participants is unverified.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW62533.2024.00394" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Signal or implementation unclear", "measurement": "Signal or implementation unclear", "relationshipNote": "The workshop abstract describes simulated HRV feedback and a planned comparison. Live sensing in participants is unverified." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW62533.2024.00394" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW62533.2024.00394" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "id": "pmid-32706654", "title": "An Integrative Model for the Effectiveness of Biofeedback Interventions for Anxiety Regulation: Viewpoint", "doi": "10.2196/14958", "pmid": "32706654", "journal": "Journal of Medical Internet Research", "year": 2020, "authors": "Weerdmeester Joanneke, van Rooij Marieke MJW, Engels Rutger CME, Granic Isabela", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "This viewpoint distinguishes physiological learning from cognitive processes such as perceived control. It proposes mechanisms and design choices for future trials.", "limitation": "Conceptual model of biofeedback mechanisms.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/14958" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Conceptual model of biofeedback mechanisms." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/14958" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32706654/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/14958" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "id": "pmid-42512522", "title": "Mindfulness Development via Biofeedback for Anxiety in Hospitalized Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "doi": "10.3390/brainsci16070748", "pmid": "42512522", "journal": "Brain Sciences", "year": 2026, "authors": "Kotelnikova Anastasia V., Ruzinova Vera M., Kiseleva Maria G., Volel Beatrice, Kukshina Anastasia A.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "A randomised study of 188 inpatients compared biofeedback, medication and their combination. Anxiety improved more in the biofeedback arms than with medication alone in the per-protocol analysis. Registration was retrospective and the setting was inpatient care.", "limitation": "Auditory feedback followed EEG alpha power. A separate training stage varied audiovisual feedback with current heart rate. A psychiatrist masked to allocation rated anxiety.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16070748" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "EEG · Heart rate / heartbeat", "relationshipNote": "Auditory feedback followed EEG alpha power. A separate training stage varied audiovisual feedback with current heart rate. A psychiatrist masked to allocation rated anxiety." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "single-blind-rct", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A randomised study of 188 inpatients compared biofeedback, medication and their combination. Anxiety improved more in the biofeedback arms than with medication alone in the per-protocol analysis. Registration was retrospective and the setting was inpatient care.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16070748" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true, "maskingRoles": "The independent psychiatrist assessing anxiety was masked. Participants and treating therapists knew the assigned intervention." }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "single", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A randomised study of 188 inpatients compared biofeedback, medication and their combination. Anxiety improved more in the biofeedback arms than with medication alone in the per-protocol analysis. 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Controlled breathing improved. The ADF co-developed this platform. The later on-base study provides direct evidence from serving trainees.", "limitation": "A respiratory belt provided controlled-breathing feedback.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245068" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Respiration", "relationshipNote": "A respiratory belt provided controlled-breathing feedback." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245068" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33529187/", "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245068" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "id": "lab-58ba4c9a89141b", "title": "A Narrative Review of Mindfulness-Based Interventions Using Virtual Reality", "doi": "10.1007/s12671-021-01783-6", "pmid": null, "journal": "Mindfulness", "year": 2021, "authors": "Arpaia Pasquale, D’Errico Giovanni, De Paolis Lucio Tommaso, Moccaldi Nicola, Nuccetelli Fabiana", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "The authors rated over 90 percent of included reports as weak and none as strong. Useful context for interpreting positive pilot outcomes.", "limitation": "Narrative review of mindfulness in VR.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01783-6" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Narrative review of mindfulness in VR." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01783-6" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. 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Both groups improved, with comparable outcomes through three months.", "limitation": "A baseline heart-rate threshold guided feedback in both the 2D and VR training.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-025-01123-2" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart rate / heartbeat", "relationshipNote": "A baseline heart-rate threshold guided feedback in both the 2D and VR training." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "Thirty-nine patients aged 9–18 received ten sessions of VR or conventional screen-based biofeedback. 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Both groups improved, with comparable outcomes through three months.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-025-01123-2" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "id": "pmid-41261293", "title": "Biofeedback-based Digital Games and Well-being in Childhood: A Systematic Review", "doi": "10.1007/s10802-025-01387-x", "pmid": "41261293", "journal": "Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology", "year": 2025, "authors": "Darabi Morgan D., Silber Sara P., Slotkin Rebecca, Peechatka Alyssa L.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "Sixteen youth biofeedback-game reports met the review criteria. Two used VR. The included studies span childhood and adolescence.", "limitation": "Systematic review of youth biofeedback games.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-025-01387-x" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Systematic review of youth biofeedback games." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-025-01387-x" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. 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This observational study documents use in the target age band. Therapeutic efficacy remains open.", "limitation": "In Nevermind, the game estimated arousal from beat-to-beat variability. The report also illustrates heart-rate recordings separately.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892521" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart-rate variability · Derived score", "relationshipNote": "In Nevermind, the game estimated arousal from beat-to-beat variability. 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Working memory showed no added benefit.", "limitation": "VR and MR guided the breathing exercises. A live physiological input controlling the exercise was unverified.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/84239" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "No live signal established", "measurement": "No live signal established", "relationshipNote": "VR and MR guided the breathing exercises. A live physiological input controlling the exercise was unverified." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/84239" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42205234/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/84239" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "id": "pmid-37930751", "title": "Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Platform to Train Stress Management Skills for a Defense Workforce: Multisite, Mixed Methods Feasibility Study", "doi": "10.2196/46368", "pmid": "37930751", "journal": "Journal of Medical Internet Research", "year": 2023, "authors": "Kluge Murielle G, Maltby Steven, Kuhne Caroline, Walker Nicole, Bennett Neanne, Aidman Eugene, Nalivaiko Eugene, Walker Frederick Rohan", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Participant study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "On-base implementation with 189 trainees across 372 VR sessions showed practical delivery and slower breathing during training. Immediate outcomes and implementation were the focus.", "limitation": "A live respiratory trace provided feedback on controlled breathing in ADF training.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/46368" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Respiration", "relationshipNote": "A live respiratory trace provided feedback on controlled breathing in ADF training." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.2196/46368" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37930751/", "https://doi.org/10.2196/46368" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "id": "pmid-30020511", "title": "Heart Rate Variability and Cognitive Bias Feedback Interventions to Prevent Post-deployment PTSD: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial", "doi": "10.1093/milmed/usy171", "pmid": "30020511", "journal": "Military Medicine", "year": 2018, "authors": "Pyne Jeffrey M, Constans Joseph I, Nanney John T, Wiederhold Mark D, Gibson Douglas P, Kimbrell Timothy, Kramer Teresa L, Pitcock Jeffery A, Han Xiaotong, Williams D Keith, Chartrand Don, Gevirtz Richard N, Spira James, Wiederhold Brenda K, McCraty Rollin, McCune Thomas R", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "A cluster-randomised National Guard study followed 342 soldiers. HRV feedback did not reduce post-deployment PTSD symptoms across the whole sample. The age-related signal favoured older participants.", "limitation": "The on-site emWave games responded to HRV. The home prompt provided separate paced-breathing practice.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy171" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart-rate variability · Derived score · Proprietary score", "relationshipNote": "The on-site emWave games responded to HRV. The home prompt provided separate paced-breathing practice." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A cluster-randomised National Guard study followed 342 soldiers. HRV feedback did not reduce post-deployment PTSD symptoms across the whole sample. The age-related signal favoured older participants.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy171" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A cluster-randomised National Guard study followed 342 soldiers. HRV feedback did not reduce post-deployment PTSD symptoms across the whole sample. The age-related signal favoured older participants.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30020511/", "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy171" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "id": "pmid-38287778", "title": "Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Treatment for Military PTSD: A Meta-Analysis", "doi": "10.1093/milmed/usae003", "pmid": "38287778", "journal": "", "year": 2024, "authors": "", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Review or conceptual paper", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "Five studies covering 95 participants showed a pooled reduction in PTSD symptoms after HRV training. Small studies and before–after contrasts limit causal interpretation.", "limitation": "Meta-analysis of HRV biofeedback for military PTSD.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usae003" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Review or framework", "measurement": "Review or framework", "relationshipNote": "Meta-analysis of HRV biofeedback for military PTSD." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usae003" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": false, "blinding": "not-applicable", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38287778/", "https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usae003" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "id": "pmid-36331685", "title": "A Pilot Study of a Three-Session Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Intervention for Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder", "doi": "10.1007/s10484-022-09565-z", "pmid": "36331685", "journal": "Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback", "year": 2022, "authors": "Schuman Donna L., Lawrence Karen A., Boggero Ian, Naegele Peter, Ginsberg J. P., Casto Ashley, Moser Debra K.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Randomised controlled study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "A randomised waitlist pilot of three clinical HRV feedback sessions reported improvements in depression and an HRV measure within the intervention arm. Home-practice adherence was limited.", "limitation": "The veteran waitlist pilot used clinical HRV biofeedback and a smartphone with a sensor for home practice.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-022-09565-z" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart-rate variability", "relationshipNote": "The veteran waitlist pilot used clinical HRV biofeedback and a smartphone with a sensor for home practice." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "rct-masking-unclear", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A randomised waitlist pilot of three clinical HRV feedback sessions reported improvements in depression and an HRV measure within the intervention arm. Home-practice adherence was limited.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-022-09565-z" ], "isRandomizedControlledTrial": true }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 2, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": true, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "A randomised waitlist pilot of three clinical HRV feedback sessions reported improvements in depression and an HRV measure within the intervention arm. Home-practice adherence was limited.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36331685/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-022-09565-z" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 2 } }, { "id": "pmid-38378078", "title": "Virtual reality mindfulness training for veterans in residential substance use treatment: Pilot study of feasibility and acceptability", "doi": "10.1016/j.josat.2024.209315", "pmid": "38378078", "journal": "Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment", "year": 2024, "authors": "Van Doren Natalia, Ng Helen, Rawat Eshaan, McKenna Kevin R., Blonigen Daniel M.", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Context or measurement study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "A headset mindfulness pilot in residential substance use treatment enrolled 20 veterans aged 23–72 and 12 providers. It evaluated usability and acceptability. A single session offers limited evidence on treatment.", "limitation": "A feasibility study of VR mindfulness in residential substance use treatment. A live physiological feedback loop was unverified.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.josat.2024.209315" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "No live signal established", "measurement": "No live signal established", "relationshipNote": "A feasibility study of VR mindfulness in residential substance use treatment. A live physiological feedback loop was unverified." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. 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The study measured feelings during the experience.", "limitation": "Pairs saw their respiratory synchrony and a comparison of EEG frontal asymmetry. HRV and skin conductance were also recorded for analysis.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3449358" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "EEG · Respiration · Derived score", "relationshipNote": "Pairs saw their respiratory synchrony and a comparison of EEG frontal asymmetry. HRV and skin conductance were also recorded for analysis." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. 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It is an installation and design precedent.", "limitation": "The installation returned heartbeats as sound, vibration and light, and changed the environment with group cardiac synchrony.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3803784.3809264" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Design or demonstration", "measurement": "Heart rate / heartbeat · Derived score", "relationshipNote": "The installation returned heartbeats as sound, vibration and light, and changed the environment with group cardiac synchrony." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3803784.3809264" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1145/3803784.3809264" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } }, { "id": "lab-16c72c2e0fd307", "title": "Does Virtual Reality Training Increase Mindfulness in Aboriginal Out-of-Home Care Children?", "doi": "10.1007/s12671-024-02373-y", "pmid": null, "journal": "Mindfulness", "year": 2024, "authors": "Rowland Georgia, Hindman Emily, Jomeen Julie, Hassmén Peter", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Context or measurement study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "A culturally informed VR mindfulness pilot enrolled 20 Aboriginal young people in out-of-home care, aged 7–16. Nineteen completed it. One mindfulness scale improved. State mindfulness and HRV showed no significant change. HRV was an outcome measure.", "limitation": "The NSW Aboriginal youth study measured HRV before and during the VR body scan.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02373-y" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "No live signal established", "measurement": "No live signal established", "relationshipNote": "The NSW Aboriginal youth study measured HRV before and during the VR body scan." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. 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Stress and several physiological measures improved in a before–after comparison. The paper leaves live HRV display during practice unclear.", "limitation": "The authors describe live HRV feedback as a technique. Their procedure specifies resting HRV measurements before and after practice. They leave the participant’s access to a live display during the exercise unclear.", "urls": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040515" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Signal or implementation unclear", "measurement": "Signal or implementation unclear", "relationshipNote": "The authors describe live HRV feedback as a technique. Their procedure specifies resting HRV measurements before and after practice. They leave the participant’s access to a live display during the exercise unclear." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "peer-reviewed-study", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040515" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": 1, "scope": "Paper", "status": "assessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": true, "basis": "The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.", "sources": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40283741/", "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040515" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 1 } }, { "id": "lab-f825944bbd00ce", "title": "Feeling-the-Beat: Enhancing Empathy and Engagement During Public Speaking Through Heart Rate Sharing", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "journal": "", "year": 2024, "authors": "", "collections": [ "language" ], "origin": "update", "design": "Participant study", "categories": [ "Mindfulness and biofeedback" ], "targets": [], "priority": 1, "finding": "In a 36-person experiment comparing real, fabricated and absent heart-rate sharing, audience members reported greater empathy towards the speaker with the system. This is a context-specific self-report.", "limitation": "The system shared heart rate between speakers and audience members. The comparison used fabricated or absent signals.", "urls": [ "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/feeling-the-beat-enhancing-empathy-and-engagement-during-public-speaking-through-heart-rate-sharing/" ], "evidence": { "evidenceType": "Participant study", "measurement": "Heart rate / heartbeat", "relationshipNote": "The system shared heart rate between speakers and audience members. The comparison used fabricated or absent signals." }, "citationCount": null, "studyDesignAssessment": { "category": "unverified-publication-status", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/feeling-the-beat-enhancing-empathy-and-engagement-during-public-speaking-through-heart-rate-sharing/" ] }, "paperTrustAssessment": { "score": null, "scope": "Paper", "status": "unassessed", "randomizedControlledTrial": null, "blinding": "not-confirmed", "peerReviewed": false, "basis": "No qualifying paper-level evidence for a cross was verified under the library criteria.", "sources": [ "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/feeling-the-beat-enhancing-empathy-and-engagement-during-public-speaking-through-heart-rate-sharing/" ], "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.", "assessedAt": "2026-11-05", "displayCrosses": 0 } } ] }