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      "authors": "Susanty E, Sijbrandij M, Srisayekti W, Suparman Y, Huizink AC.",
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      "title": "Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for anxiety: An umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.",
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      "authors": "Antuña-Camblor C, Rabito-Alcón MF, Mathias-Fonseca TF.",
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      "id": "doi-37881ae999c094e1",
      "title": "The effectiveness of trauma-based therapies for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children and adolescents in out-of-home care",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.fnhli.2025.100070",
      "pmid": null,
      "journal": "First Nations Health and Wellbeing - The Lowitja Journal",
      "year": 2025,
      "authors": "Debbie Haynes; Sean A. Halpin; Laurel Williams; Bronwyn Chambers; Frances Heritage Martin",
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      "finding": "Analysis of 144 children and adolescents in the LINKS programme reports reduced difficulties and trauma symptoms, with positive findings for EMDR and parent–child interaction therapy.",
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      "id": "pmid-39630422",
      "title": "Psychological Interventions for Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.",
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      "pmid": "39630422",
      "journal": "JAMA psychiatry",
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      "authors": "Hoppen TH, Wessarges L, Jehn M, Mutz J, Kip A, Schlechter P, Meiser-Stedman R, Morina N.",
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      "id": "pmid-33709117",
      "title": "Long-term effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in children and adolescents with medically related subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial.",
      "doi": "10.1093/eurjcn/zvaa006",
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      "journal": "European journal of cardiovascular nursing",
      "year": 2021,
      "authors": "Meentken MG, van der Mheen M, van Beynum IM, Aendekerk EWC, Legerstee JS, van der Ende J, Del Canho R, Lindauer RJL, Hillegers MHJ, Helbing WA, Moll HA, Utens EMWJ.",
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      "finding": "Among 74 previously hospitalized children aged 4–15 with subthreshold PTSD, EMDR did not outperform care as usual on the primary PTSD outcome through eight months. Parent-reported blood-injection-injury phobia improved more with EMDR.",
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      "id": "pmid-40243164",
      "title": "Effects of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing on depressive symptoms, stress and rumination in adolescents with depression: a randomised controlled trial.",
      "doi": "10.1080/20008066.2025.2488558",
      "pmid": "40243164",
      "journal": "European journal of psychotraumatology",
      "year": 2025,
      "authors": "Zheng S, Shen Y, Geng F, Ye M, Song S, Wang R, Zhang S, Ou Y, Zhou X.",
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      "finding": "Thirty adolescents aged 12–18 completed a comparison of EMDR plus an SSRI with an SSRI alone. Six sessions over two weeks were associated with larger improvements in depression, event-related stress and rumination.",
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        "sources": [
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          "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2488558"
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      "id": "pmid-42703195",
      "title": "Efficacy of the Adapted Integrative Group EMDR Therapy Protocol for Ongoing Traumatic Stress in Adolescents after a Traumatic Event.",
      "doi": "10.1007/s40653-025-00808-9",
      "pmid": "42703195",
      "journal": "Journal of child & adolescent trauma",
      "year": 2026,
      "authors": "Almarcha GS, Peinado AI, de Álvaro JI, López-Morales JL, Reyes-Bossio M, Delgado-Campusano M.",
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      "finding": "Eleven school students meeting PTSD criteria received psychoeducation and psychologist-led group EMDR. PTSD symptoms fell following the programme.",
      "limitation": "Only 11 of 235 screened students entered treatment. No control group isolates treatment effects.",
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        "evidenceType": "Clinical & self-report",
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        "relationshipNote": "Only 11 of 235 screened students entered treatment. No control group isolates treatment effects."
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    {
      "id": "pmid-34512458",
      "title": "Coronavirus Disease 2019 Emergency and Remote Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Group Therapy With Adolescents and Young Adults: Overcoming Lockdown With the Butterfly Hug.",
      "doi": "10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701381",
      "pmid": "34512458",
      "journal": "Frontiers in psychology",
      "year": 2021,
      "authors": "Lazzaroni E, Invernizzi R, Fogliato E, Pagani M, Maslovaric G.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8424043/",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34512458/",
        "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701381"
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      "design": "Uncontrolled clinical cohort",
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        "source": "Crossref",
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        "basis": "Publication identity and reported study design checked. Outcome blinding is not established in the material reviewed; no single- or double-blind RCT classification is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34512458/",
          "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701381"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "young-adults",
      "finding": "A remote clinician-led EMDR group intervention during COVID-19 was associated with reduced traumatic stress and anxiety in participants aged 13–24 who were already receiving mental-health care.",
      "limitation": "Mixed adolescent and young-adult sample with no randomized control. Findings do not isolate an 18–24 subgroup or unguided use.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Clinical & self-report",
        "measuredGenes": [],
        "relationshipNote": "Mixed adolescent and young-adult sample with no randomized control. Findings do not isolate an 18–24 subgroup or unguided use."
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          "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701381"
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    {
      "id": "pmid-39835632",
      "title": "Effectiveness of an intensive outpatient treatment programme combining prolonged exposure and EMDR therapy for adolescents and young adults with PTSD in a naturalistic setting.",
      "doi": "10.1080/20008066.2025.2451478",
      "pmid": "39835632",
      "journal": "European journal of psychotraumatology",
      "year": 2025,
      "authors": "Rentinck EM, van Mourik R, de Jongh A, Matthijssen SJMA.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11753006/",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39835632/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2451478"
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        "Clinical & self-report"
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        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
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      "design": "Naturalistic treatment cohort",
      "citationCount": 9,
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        "source": "Crossref",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
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        "basis": "Publication identity and reported study design checked. Outcome blinding is not established in the material reviewed; no single- or double-blind RCT classification is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39835632/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2451478"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "young-adults",
      "finding": "A six-day programme combining prolonged exposure, EMDR, physical activity and support from relatives or friends included 74 people aged 12–25. At one month, 65% no longer met PTSD criteria; dropout was 4%.",
      "limitation": "Intensive clinician-delivered, multimodal treatment with no randomized comparator. The sample included 36 people aged 12–17 and 38 aged 18–25; it does not establish a gentle entertainment effect.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Clinical & self-report",
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        "relationshipNote": "Intensive clinician-delivered, multimodal treatment with no randomized comparator. The sample included 36 people aged 12–17 and 38 aged 18–25; it does not establish a gentle entertainment effect."
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        "sources": [
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          "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2451478"
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    {
      "id": "pmid-38032626",
      "title": "The effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing-based online group counseling for university students: Psychological need satisfaction, psychological resilience, psychological well-being, and small 't' trauma.",
      "doi": "10.1037/tra0001629",
      "pmid": "38032626",
      "journal": "Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy",
      "year": 2023,
      "authors": "Yilmaz Dinç S, Sapmaz F.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38032626/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001629"
      ],
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      "kind": "Journal article",
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        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
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      "design": "Controlled experimental study",
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        "count": 6,
        "source": "Crossref",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
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        "category": "peer-reviewed",
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        "basis": "Publication identity and reported study design checked. Outcome blinding is not established in the material reviewed; no single- or double-blind RCT classification is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38032626/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001629"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "young-adults",
      "finding": "EMDR-based online group counselling for university students reported improvements in psychological need satisfaction, resilience, wellbeing and several small-t trauma measures across repeated assessments.",
      "limitation": "University enrolment does not establish an exclusively 18–24 sample. The abstract does not provide sufficient age or masking detail; body-sense effects were not significant.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Clinical & self-report",
        "measuredGenes": [],
        "relationshipNote": "University enrolment does not establish an exclusively 18–24 sample. The abstract does not provide sufficient age or masking detail; body-sense effects were not significant."
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        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38032626/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001629"
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    {
      "id": "pmid-42411718",
      "title": "Peer-delivered combined EMD and imagery rescripting for traumatized Chinese university students: a RCT.",
      "doi": "10.1080/20008066.2026.2686577",
      "pmid": "42411718",
      "journal": "European journal of psychotraumatology",
      "year": 2026,
      "authors": "Fan H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Yang K, Wang Y, Yang X.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13347840/",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42411718/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2686577"
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      "design": "Randomized controlled trial · open-label",
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        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
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        "category": "rct-open-label",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "The study describes an open-label randomized design. Participants reported their own outcomes; hypothesis masking and blinded analysis do not establish masked outcome collection.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42411718/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2686577"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
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      "researchGroup": "young-adults",
      "finding": "Ninety-five university students were randomized to peer-delivered EMD plus imagery rescripting, imagery rescripting alone or care as usual. Four supervised sessions produced similar changes in depression and anxiety across groups; the combined intervention better maintained resilience gains at follow-up.",
      "limitation": "Trained peers received clinical supervision. The trial tested a combined intervention, with no significant group-by-time effects for depression, anxiety or self-efficacy.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Clinical & self-report",
        "measuredGenes": [],
        "relationshipNote": "Trained peers received clinical supervision. The trial tested a combined intervention, with no significant group-by-time effects for depression, anxiety or self-efficacy.",
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        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42411718/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2686577"
        ],
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        "assessedAt": "2026-10-27"
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    {
      "id": "pmid-9479674",
      "title": "Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.",
      "doi": "10.1023/a:1024400931106",
      "pmid": "9479674",
      "journal": "Journal of traumatic stress",
      "year": 1998,
      "authors": "Scheck MM, Schaeffer JA, Gillette C.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9479674/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024400931106"
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      "kind": "Journal article",
      "jadad": {
        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
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      "design": "Randomized controlled trial",
      "citationCount": 134,
      "citationSnapshot": {
        "count": 134,
        "source": "Crossref",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "studyDesignAssessment": {
        "category": "peer-reviewed",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "Publication identity and reported study design checked. Outcome blinding is not established in the material reviewed; no single- or double-blind RCT classification is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9479674/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024400931106"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "young-adults",
      "finding": "Sixty women aged 16–25 received two sessions of EMDR or active listening. Both groups improved, with larger immediate changes in the EMDR group.",
      "limitation": "A small, early trial with a mixed adolescent/young-adult sample. Immediate outcomes do not establish durable effects or an exclusively 18–24 result.",
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        "evidenceType": "Clinical & self-report",
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        "relationshipNote": "A small, early trial with a mixed adolescent/young-adult sample. Immediate outcomes do not establish durable effects or an exclusively 18–24 result."
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        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9479674/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024400931106"
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      },
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    {
      "id": "pmid-35070159",
      "title": "Inflammation-related microRNAs are involved in stressful life events exposure and in trauma-focused psychotherapy in treatment-resistant depressed patients.",
      "doi": "10.1080/20008198.2021.1987655",
      "pmid": "35070159",
      "journal": "European journal of psychotraumatology",
      "year": 2021,
      "authors": "Maffioletti E, Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Perusi G, Carvalho Silva R, Sacco C, Bazzanella R, Zampieri E, Bortolomasi M, Gennarelli M, Minelli A.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8772504/",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35070159/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1987655"
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      "origin": "update",
      "categories": [
        "Genomics & gene expression",
        "Clinical & self-report"
      ],
      "targets": [
        "MIR15A",
        "MIR29A",
        "MIR126",
        "MIR195",
        "MIRLET7F",
        "MIR146A"
      ],
      "priority": 0,
      "kind": "Journal article",
      "jadad": {
        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
      },
      "design": "Longitudinal molecular study",
      "citationCount": 36,
      "citationSnapshot": {
        "count": 36,
        "source": "Crossref",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "studyDesignAssessment": {
        "category": "observational",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35070159/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1987655"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "rna",
      "finding": "Blood microRNA was measured in 41 people with treatment-resistant depression; 21 received EMDR or trauma-focused CBT. miR-15a, miR-29a, miR-126, miR-195 and let-7f changed during treatment; baseline miR-29a was associated with response.",
      "limitation": "The longitudinal group combined 12 EMDR and nine CBT participants. This cohort also informs the 2023 stress-gene paper, so the two publications are not independent replications.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Genomics & gene expression",
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          "MIR29A",
          "MIR126",
          "MIR195",
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          "MIR146A"
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        "relationshipNote": "The longitudinal group combined 12 EMDR and nine CBT participants. This cohort also informs the 2023 stress-gene paper, so the two publications are not independent replications.",
        "sample": "41 baseline; 21 longitudinal (12 EMDR, 9 TF-CBT)",
        "measurement": "Whole-blood microRNA expression",
        "trialId": "Brescia-TRD-21"
      },
      "paperTrustAssessment": {
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        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
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      "stars": 1,
      "ratingBasis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned."
    },
    {
      "id": "pmid-42519422",
      "title": "MicroRNAs expression changes associated with trauma-focused psychotherapy efficacy in treatment-resistant depression: An exploratory study.",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.nsa.2026.107020",
      "pmid": "42519422",
      "journal": "Neuroscience applied",
      "year": 2026,
      "authors": "Buson L, Carvalho Silva R, Galbiati C, Bortolomasi M, Scaglia M, Perusi G, Abate M, Maffioletti E, Gennarelli M, Lorenzon N, Dierssen M, European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Pharmacogenomics & Transcriptomics Network, Minelli A.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13383946/",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42519422/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2026.107020"
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      "categories": [
        "Genomics & gene expression",
        "Clinical & self-report"
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      "targets": [
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      "priority": 0,
      "kind": "Journal article",
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        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
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        "category": "observational",
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        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
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        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "rna",
      "finding": "In 24 people receiving EMDR or trauma-focused CBT for treatment-resistant depression, 148 microRNAs passed quality control. The combined sample’s miR-132-3p change survived correction for multiple testing.",
      "limitation": "EMDR-only subgroup changes did not survive multiple-testing correction. The result does not establish an EMDR-specific microRNA effect.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Genomics & gene expression",
        "measuredGenes": [
          "MIR132"
        ],
        "relationshipNote": "EMDR-only subgroup changes did not survive multiple-testing correction. The result does not establish an EMDR-specific microRNA effect."
      },
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        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42519422/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nsa.2026.107020"
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      },
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    },
    {
      "id": "pmid-38362742",
      "title": "DNA methylation changes in association with trauma-focused psychotherapy efficacy in treatment-resistant depression patients: a prospective longitudinal study.",
      "doi": "10.1080/20008066.2024.2314913",
      "pmid": "38362742",
      "journal": "European journal of psychotraumatology",
      "year": 2024,
      "authors": "Carvalho Silva R, Martini P, Hohoff C, Mattevi S, Bortolomasi M, Menesello V, Gennarelli M, Baune BT, Minelli A.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10878335/",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38362742/",
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        "vision"
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      "origin": "update",
      "categories": [
        "Epigenetics",
        "Clinical & self-report"
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        "LTA",
        "GFI1",
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        "TNF"
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      "kind": "Journal article",
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        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
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      "design": "Exploratory DNA-methylation study",
      "citationCount": 26,
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        "count": 26,
        "source": "Crossref",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
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        "sources": [
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          "https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2314913"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "epigenetics",
      "finding": "Blood DNA methylation was studied in 30 people with treatment-resistant depression receiving EMDR (18) or trauma-focused CBT (12). Differentially methylated regions included inflammation-related genes and pathways.",
      "limitation": "Small treatment groups and concurrent usual care limit attribution. DNA methylation is a separate measurement from RNA expression.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Epigenetics",
        "measuredGenes": [
          "LTA",
          "GFI1",
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          "TNF"
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        "relationshipNote": "Small treatment groups and concurrent usual care limit attribution. DNA methylation is a separate measurement from RNA expression."
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        "sources": [
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        "assessedAt": "2026-10-27"
      },
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      "ratingBasis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned."
    },
    {
      "id": "pmid-39060246",
      "title": "Distinct saliva DNA methylation profiles in relation to treatment outcome in youth with posttraumatic stress disorder.",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41398-024-02892-1",
      "pmid": "39060246",
      "journal": "Translational psychiatry",
      "year": 2024,
      "authors": "Ensink JBM, Henneman P, Venema A, Zantvoord JB, den Kelder RO, Mannens MMAM, Lindauer RJL.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11282249/",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39060246/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-02892-1"
      ],
      "collections": [
        "vision"
      ],
      "origin": "update",
      "categories": [
        "Epigenetics",
        "Clinical & self-report"
      ],
      "targets": [
        "C18orf63",
        "CRHR2",
        "NUP35"
      ],
      "priority": 0,
      "kind": "Journal article",
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        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
      },
      "design": "Longitudinal DNA-methylation study",
      "citationCount": 7,
      "citationSnapshot": {
        "count": 7,
        "source": "Crossref",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "studyDesignAssessment": {
        "category": "observational",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39060246/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-02892-1"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "epigenetics",
      "finding": "The study included 46 young people with PTSD and 41 trauma-exposed controls, aged 8–18. Saliva DNA-methylation differences associated with treatment response included C18orf63 and the stress-related CRHR2 locus.",
      "limitation": "Treatment combined evidence from EMDR and trauma-focused CBT. Saliva findings do not establish a brain-tissue effect or isolate eye movements.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Epigenetics",
        "measuredGenes": [
          "C18orf63",
          "CRHR2",
          "NUP35"
        ],
        "relationshipNote": "Treatment combined evidence from EMDR and trauma-focused CBT. Saliva findings do not establish a brain-tissue effect or isolate eye movements."
      },
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        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39060246/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-02892-1"
        ],
        "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.",
        "assessedAt": "2026-10-27"
      },
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      "legacyRatingBasis": "Indexed journal paper; blinded-RCT criteria are not confirmed in the retrieved record.",
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      "ratingBasis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned."
    },
    {
      "id": "pmid-36266402",
      "title": "Epigenetic impact of a 1-week intensive multimodal group program for adolescents with multiple adverse childhood experiences.",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-21246-9",
      "pmid": "36266402",
      "journal": "Scientific reports",
      "year": 2022,
      "authors": "Kaliman P, Cosín-Tomás M, Madrid A, Roque López S, Llanez-Anaya E, Papale LA, Alisch RS, Davidson RJ.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9585146/",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36266402/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21246-9"
      ],
      "collections": [
        "vision"
      ],
      "origin": "update",
      "categories": [
        "Epigenetics",
        "Clinical & self-report"
      ],
      "targets": [
        "SIRT5",
        "TRAPPC2L"
      ],
      "priority": 0,
      "kind": "Journal article",
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        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
      },
      "design": "Randomized trial · molecular analysis",
      "citationCount": 24,
      "citationSnapshot": {
        "count": 24,
        "source": "Crossref",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "studyDesignAssessment": {
        "category": "rct-masking-unclear",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "The methods report random-number allocation for 44 girls. Post-allocation participant or assessor masking is not established. The intervention combines mindfulness, art and group EMDR.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36266402/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21246-9"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "epigenetics",
      "finding": "A one-week programme combining mindfulness, artistic expression and EMDR group therapy studied 44 adolescent girls with multiple adverse experiences. Forty-nine DNA-methylation loci differed with intervention; SIRT5 and TRAPPC2L changes correlated with trauma measures.",
      "limitation": "The programme has several components. Saliva methylation findings do not isolate EMDR; the study detected no intervention effect on intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Epigenetics",
        "measuredGenes": [
          "SIRT5",
          "TRAPPC2L"
        ],
        "relationshipNote": "The programme has several components. Saliva methylation findings do not isolate EMDR; the study detected no intervention effect on intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration."
      },
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        "basis": "The methods report random-number allocation for 44 girls. Post-allocation participant or assessor masking is not established. The intervention combines mindfulness, art and group EMDR.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36266402/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21246-9"
        ],
        "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.",
        "assessedAt": "2026-10-27"
      },
      "legacyArticleStars": null,
      "legacyRatingBasis": null,
      "stars": 2,
      "ratingBasis": "The methods report random-number allocation for 44 girls. Post-allocation participant or assessor masking is not established. The intervention combines mindfulness, art and group EMDR."
    },
    {
      "id": "pmid-31645664",
      "title": "Successful treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder reverses DNA methylation marks.",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41380-019-0549-3",
      "pmid": "31645664",
      "journal": "Molecular psychiatry",
      "year": 2019,
      "authors": "Vinkers CH, Geuze E, van Rooij SJH, Kennis M, Schür RR, Nispeling DM, Smith AK, Nievergelt CM, Uddin M, Rutten BPF, Vermetten E, Boks MP.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31645664/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0549-3"
      ],
      "collections": [
        "vision"
      ],
      "origin": "update",
      "categories": [
        "Epigenetics",
        "Clinical & self-report"
      ],
      "targets": [
        "ZFP57",
        "APOB",
        "MUC4",
        "EDN2",
        "GPX6",
        "AFF3",
        "TP73"
      ],
      "priority": 0,
      "kind": "Journal article",
      "jadad": {
        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
      },
      "design": "Longitudinal molecular cohort",
      "citationCount": 103,
      "citationSnapshot": {
        "count": 103,
        "source": "Crossref",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "studyDesignAssessment": {
        "category": "observational",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31645664/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0549-3"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "epigenetics",
      "finding": "In veterans receiving trauma-focused psychotherapy, remission was associated with changes in 12 blood DNA-methylation regions. ZFP57 also showed evidence in an independent prospective deployment cohort.",
      "limitation": "Treatment included trauma-focused CBT and/or EMDR. This observational analysis does not isolate EMDR or establish altered gene expression from methylation alone.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Epigenetics",
        "measuredGenes": [
          "ZFP57",
          "APOB",
          "MUC4",
          "EDN2",
          "GPX6",
          "AFF3",
          "TP73"
        ],
        "relationshipNote": "Treatment included trauma-focused CBT and/or EMDR. This observational analysis does not isolate EMDR or establish altered gene expression from methylation alone."
      },
      "paperTrustAssessment": {
        "score": 1,
        "scope": "Paper",
        "status": "assessed",
        "randomizedControlledTrial": null,
        "blinding": "not-confirmed",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31645664/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0549-3"
        ],
        "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.",
        "assessedAt": "2026-10-27"
      },
      "legacyArticleStars": null,
      "legacyRatingBasis": null,
      "stars": 1,
      "ratingBasis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned."
    },
    {
      "id": "pmid-31352130",
      "title": "Pretreatment cortisol predicts trauma-focused psychotherapy response in youth with (partial) posttraumatic stress disorder.",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104380",
      "pmid": "31352130",
      "journal": "Psychoneuroendocrinology",
      "year": 2019,
      "authors": "Zantvoord JB, Ensink JBM, Op den Kelder R, Wessel AMA, Lok A, Lindauer RJL.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31352130/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104380"
      ],
      "collections": [
        "vision"
      ],
      "origin": "update",
      "categories": [
        "Molecular biomarkers",
        "Clinical & self-report"
      ],
      "targets": [],
      "priority": 1,
      "kind": "Journal article",
      "jadad": {
        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
      },
      "design": "Prospective biomarker study",
      "citationCount": 23,
      "citationSnapshot": {
        "count": 23,
        "source": "Crossref",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "studyDesignAssessment": {
        "category": "observational",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31352130/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104380"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "biomarkers",
      "finding": "Among 53 young people aged 8–18 treated with EMDR or trauma-focused CBT, higher pretreatment basal salivary cortisol was associated with greater subsequent symptom improvement.",
      "limitation": "The trauma script rarely produced a cortisol stress response. The predictive contribution was limited and insufficient for clinical application; this is not a gene-expression measurement.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Molecular biomarkers",
        "measuredGenes": [],
        "relationshipNote": "The trauma script rarely produced a cortisol stress response. The predictive contribution was limited and insufficient for clinical application; this is not a gene-expression measurement."
      },
      "paperTrustAssessment": {
        "score": 1,
        "scope": "Paper",
        "status": "assessed",
        "randomizedControlledTrial": null,
        "blinding": "not-confirmed",
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        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31352130/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104380"
        ],
        "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.",
        "assessedAt": "2026-10-27"
      },
      "legacyArticleStars": null,
      "legacyRatingBasis": null,
      "stars": 1,
      "ratingBasis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned."
    },
    {
      "id": "pmid-35707677",
      "title": "The Role of the Endocannabinoids 2-AG and Anandamide in Clinical Symptoms and Treatment Outcome in Veterans with PTSD.",
      "doi": "10.1177/24705470221107290",
      "pmid": "35707677",
      "journal": "Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)",
      "year": 2022,
      "authors": "Leen NA, de Weijer AD, van Rooij SJH, Kennis M, Baas JMP, Geuze E.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9190205/",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707677/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290"
      ],
      "collections": [
        "vision"
      ],
      "origin": "update",
      "categories": [
        "Molecular biomarkers",
        "Clinical & self-report"
      ],
      "targets": [],
      "priority": 1,
      "kind": "Journal article",
      "jadad": {
        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
      },
      "design": "Longitudinal biomarker cohort",
      "citationCount": 17,
      "citationSnapshot": {
        "count": 17,
        "source": "Crossref",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "studyDesignAssessment": {
        "category": "observational",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707677/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "biomarkers",
      "finding": "Plasma anandamide and 2-AG were measured in 54 veterans with PTSD and 26 combat controls. Pretreatment levels did not predict symptom reduction following trauma-focused therapy; cortisol decreased over time.",
      "limitation": "Treatments included CBT with exposure or EMDR. Exploratory correlations require replication; endocannabinoid concentrations are distinct from gene expression.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Molecular biomarkers",
        "measuredGenes": [],
        "relationshipNote": "Treatments included CBT with exposure or EMDR. Exploratory correlations require replication; endocannabinoid concentrations are distinct from gene expression."
      },
      "paperTrustAssessment": {
        "score": 1,
        "scope": "Paper",
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        "randomizedControlledTrial": null,
        "blinding": "not-confirmed",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707677/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290"
        ],
        "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.",
        "assessedAt": "2026-10-27"
      },
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      "legacyRatingBasis": null,
      "stars": 1,
      "ratingBasis": "Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned."
    },
    {
      "id": "pmid-40706348",
      "title": "Stress and stress reactivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following eye movement desensitization (EMD): A randomized controlled trial.",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102052",
      "pmid": "40706348",
      "journal": "Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry",
      "year": 2025,
      "authors": "Susanty E, Sijbrandij M, van der Mee DJ, Srisayekti W, Suparman Y, Huizink AC.",
      "urls": [
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40706348/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102052"
      ],
      "collections": [
        "vision"
      ],
      "origin": "update",
      "categories": [
        "Molecular biomarkers",
        "Clinical & self-report"
      ],
      "targets": [],
      "priority": 1,
      "kind": "Journal article",
      "jadad": {
        "status": "unassessed",
        "score": null
      },
      "design": "Randomized controlled component trial",
      "citationCount": 1,
      "citationSnapshot": {
        "count": 1,
        "source": "Crossref",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "studyDesignAssessment": {
        "category": "peer-reviewed",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "Publication identity and reported study design checked. Outcome blinding is not established in the material reviewed; no single- or double-blind RCT classification is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40706348/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102052"
        ],
        "reviewedAt": "2026-10-23"
      },
      "researchGroup": "biomarkers",
      "finding": "Ninety-one adults with PTSD received eye-movement desensitization or memory retrieval alone. Both groups showed reduced stress reactivity; the study found no specific overall benefit of eye movements and inconsistent cortisol differences.",
      "limitation": "Saliva timing depended on participant adherence. This is the same registered component trial as the 2024 neurocognitive report, not an independent replication.",
      "evidence": {
        "evidenceType": "Molecular biomarkers",
        "measuredGenes": [],
        "relationshipNote": "Saliva timing depended on participant adherence. This is the same registered component trial as the 2024 neurocognitive report, not an independent replication.",
        "trialId": "ISRCTN55239132"
      },
      "paperTrustAssessment": {
        "score": 2,
        "scope": "Paper",
        "status": "assessed",
        "randomizedControlledTrial": true,
        "blinding": "not-confirmed",
        "peerReviewed": true,
        "basis": "Publication identity and reported study design checked. Outcome blinding is not established in the material reviewed; no single- or double-blind RCT classification is assigned.",
        "sources": [
          "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40706348/",
          "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102052"
        ],
        "reviewScope": "Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.",
        "assessedAt": "2026-10-27"
      },
      "legacyArticleStars": null,
      "legacyRatingBasis": null,
      "stars": 2,
      "ratingBasis": "Publication identity and reported study design checked. Outcome blinding is not established in the material reviewed; no single- or double-blind RCT classification is assigned."
    },
    {
      "id": "doi-14a5c17359f1dfcb",
      "title": "Transcriptional Modulation of Stress-Related Genes in Association with Early Life Stress Exposure and Trauma-Focused Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression Patients",
      "doi": "10.1891/emdr-2023-0019",
      "pmid": null,
      "journal": "Journal of EMDR Practice and Research",
      "year": 2023,
      "authors": "Rosana Carvalho Silva; Vincenzo Dattilo; Giulia Perusi; Monica Mazzelli; Elisabetta Maffioletti; Roberta Bazzanella; Marco Bortolomasi; Annamaria Cattaneo; Massimo Gennarelli; Alessandra Minelli",
      "urls": [
        "https://doi.org/10.1891/emdr-2023-0019"
      ],
      "collections": [
        "vision"
      ],
      "origin": "update",
      "categories": [
        "Genomics & gene expression"
      ],
      "targets": [
        "NR3C1",
        "FKBP5",
        "SGK1"
      ],
      "priority": 0,
      "kind": "Journal article",
      "jadad": {
        "status": "unassessed",
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      "finding": "In 21 people receiving EMDR or trauma-focused CBT for treatment-resistant depression, whole-blood NR3C1, FKBP5 and SGK1 expression varied over time. FKBP5 and SGK1 fell significantly at eight weeks; transcript levels rebounded during follow-up.",
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      "id": "vision-photoreceptor-mosaic-1998",
      "title": "The photoreceptor mosaic",
      "doi": "10.1038/eye.1998.142",
      "pmid": "9775214",
      "journal": "Eye",
      "year": 1998,
      "published": "1998-05",
      "authors": "P K Ahnelt",
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      "finding": "Ahnelt describes how human rods and cones are distributed across the retina. Cone packing is especially dense near the fovea; different cone populations have different arrangements. This provides biological context for exploring local packing and sampling geometry in Vision Atlas.",
      "limitation": "The review does not demonstrate a universal perfect hexagonal retina, tetrahedral visual processing, or a Fibonacci mechanism. It is anatomical evidence, not an EMDR treatment trial or a quantum-stability experiment.",
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        "measurement": "Spatial sampling by retinal photoreceptor populations.",
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      "journal": "Nature Neuroscience",
      "year": 2011,
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      "authors": "Se-Bum Paik; Dario L Ringach",
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      "design": "Computational model with comparative visual-cortex observations",
      "summary": "Paik and Ringach propose that interference between regularly spaced ON- and OFF-centre retinal ganglion-cell mosaics helps form orientation maps in visual cortex. Their model predicts hexagonal organisation of orientation-domain centres, with supporting patterns reported in four mammalian species.",
      "finding": "Paik and Ringach propose that interference between regularly spaced ON- and OFF-centre retinal ganglion-cell mosaics helps form orientation maps in visual cortex. Their model predicts hexagonal organisation of orientation-domain centres, with supporting patterns reported in four mammalian species.",
      "limitation": "This is a proposed developmental mechanism with supporting observations. It does not establish that all visual cortex follows this model, that humans prefer hexagons, or that retinal geometry stabilises quantum information.",
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      "journal": "Nature Neuroscience",
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      "summary": "Nau and colleagues found a sixfold directional pattern in human entorhinal-cortex activity during a visual tracking task. The result supports a grid-like representation of visual space and gives Vision Atlas a measured example of sixfold organisation in brain activity.",
      "finding": "Nau and colleagues found a sixfold directional pattern in human entorhinal-cortex activity during a visual tracking task. The result supports a grid-like representation of visual space and gives Vision Atlas a measured example of sixfold organisation in brain activity.",
      "limitation": "An fMRI population signal is not a direct image of individual grid cells or proof of a tetrahedral eye mechanism. This study does not test Fibonacci sequences, EMDR outcomes, or quantum error correction.",
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