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The Role of the Endocannabinoids 2-AG and Anandamide in Clinical Symptoms and Treatment Outcome in Veterans with PTSD.

Leen NA, de Weijer AD, van Rooij SJH, Kennis M, Baas JMP, Geuze E. · Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2022 · Longitudinal biomarker cohort

Original publication · Original publication · Original publication

Recorded summary

Plasma anandamide and 2-AG were measured in 54 veterans with PTSD and 26 combat controls. Pretreatment levels did not predict symptom reduction following trauma-focused therapy; cortisol decreased over time.

Recorded limitations

Treatments included CBT with exposure or EMDR. Exploratory correlations require replication; endocannabinoid concentrations are distinct from gene expression.

Evidence and provenance

Chapter Trust Factor uses a minimum of three distinct qualifying studies. Publication records retain their own evidence and assessment.

Study design and assessment
design
Longitudinal biomarker cohort
assessment
category
observational
peer Reviewed
true
basis
Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707677/ · https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290

reviewed At
2026-10-23
trust Factor
score
1
scope
Paper
status
assessed
randomized Controlled Trial
Not recorded
blinding
not-confirmed
peer Reviewed
true
basis
Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707677/ · https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290

review Scope
Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.
assessed At
2026-10-27
jadad
status
unassessed
score
Not recorded
evidence
evidence Type
Molecular biomarkers
measured Genes
None recorded
relationship Note
Treatments included CBT with exposure or EMDR. Exploratory correlations require replication; endocannabinoid concentrations are distinct from gene expression.
Topics and recorded topic scores
  1. key
    vision:biomarkers
    title
    EMDR, cortisol and molecular biomarkers
    collection
    vision
    trust Score
    1
Citation snapshot and identifiers
id
pmid-35707677
doi
10.1177/24705470221107290
pmid
35707677
citation Snapshot
count
17
source
Crossref
retrieved At
2026-10-23
citations By Collection
vision
17
Complete approved library record
id
pmid-35707677
publication Key
doi:10.1177/24705470221107290
aliases
None recorded
title
The Role of the Endocannabinoids 2-AG and Anandamide in Clinical Symptoms and Treatment Outcome in Veterans with PTSD.
journal
Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)
neurotransmitters
None recorded
year
2022
authors
Leen NA, de Weijer AD, van Rooij SJH, Kennis M, Baas JMP, Geuze E.
design
Longitudinal biomarker cohort
kind
Journal article
identity Conflict
Not recorded
doi
10.1177/24705470221107290
pmid
35707677
urls

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9190205/ · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707677/ · https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290

collections

vision

categories

Molecular biomarkers · Clinical & self-report

targets
None recorded
priority
1
quotes
None recorded
summary
Plasma anandamide and 2-AG were measured in 54 veterans with PTSD and 26 combat controls. Pretreatment levels did not predict symptom reduction following trauma-focused therapy; cortisol decreased over time.
limitation
Treatments included CBT with exposure or EMDR. Exploratory correlations require replication; endocannabinoid concentrations are distinct from gene expression.
citation Count
17
citation Snapshot
count
17
source
Crossref
retrieved At
2026-10-23
study Design Assessment
category
observational
peer Reviewed
true
basis
Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707677/ · https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290

reviewed At
2026-10-23
paper Trust Assessment
score
1
scope
Paper
status
assessed
randomized Controlled Trial
Not recorded
blinding
not-confirmed
peer Reviewed
true
basis
Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707677/ · https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290

review Scope
Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.
assessed At
2026-10-27
citations By Collection
vision
17
topics
  1. key
    vision:biomarkers
    title
    EMDR, cortisol and molecular biomarkers
    collection
    vision
    trust Score
    1
journal Key
chronicstress
journal Label
Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)
chapter Entries
  1. title
    The Role of the Endocannabinoids 2-AG and Anandamide in Clinical Symptoms and Treatment Outcome in Veterans with PTSD.
    journal
    Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)
    year
    2022
    authors
    Leen NA, de Weijer AD, van Rooij SJH, Kennis M, Baas JMP, Geuze E.
    design
    Longitudinal biomarker cohort
    urls

    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9190205/ · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707677/ · https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290

    doi
    10.1177/24705470221107290
    pmid
    35707677
    targets
    None recorded
    categories

    Molecular biomarkers · Clinical & self-report

    citation Count
    17
    citation Snapshot
    count
    17
    source
    Crossref
    retrieved At
    2026-10-23
    study Design Assessment
    category
    observational
    peer Reviewed
    true
    basis
    Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.
    sources

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707677/ · https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290

    reviewed At
    2026-10-23
    evidence
    evidence Type
    Molecular biomarkers
    measured Genes
    None recorded
    relationship Note
    Treatments included CBT with exposure or EMDR. Exploratory correlations require replication; endocannabinoid concentrations are distinct from gene expression.
    record Id
    pmid-35707677
    quotes
    None recorded
    source Pages
    None recorded
    summary
    Plasma anandamide and 2-AG were measured in 54 veterans with PTSD and 26 combat controls. Pretreatment levels did not predict symptom reduction following trauma-focused therapy; cortisol decreased over time.
    limitation
    Treatments included CBT with exposure or EMDR. Exploratory correlations require replication; endocannabinoid concentrations are distinct from gene expression.
    id
    vision-biomarkers-pmid-35707677
    paper Trust Assessment
    score
    1
    scope
    Paper
    status
    assessed
    randomized Controlled Trial
    Not recorded
    blinding
    not-confirmed
    peer Reviewed
    true
    basis
    Molecular or biomarker analysis with combined trauma-focused treatment exposure. No independently verified single- or double-blind randomized molecular comparison is assigned.
    sources

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707677/ · https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221107290

    review Scope
    Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.
    assessed At
    2026-10-27
    publication Key
    doi:10.1177/24705470221107290
    collection
    vision
    chapter Number
    4
    topic Id
    biomarkers
    topic Title
    EMDR, cortisol and molecular biomarkers
    trust Score
    1
evidence
evidence Type
Molecular biomarkers
measured Genes
None recorded
relationship Note
Treatments included CBT with exposure or EMDR. Exploratory correlations require replication; endocannabinoid concentrations are distinct from gene expression.
jadad
status
unassessed
score
Not recorded
condition Evidence
  1. id
    ptsd
    evidence
    1. field
      title
      text
      The Role of the Endocannabinoids 2-AG and Anandamide in Clinical Symptoms and Treatment Outcome in Veterans with PTSD.
      matched Text
      PTSD
conditions

ptsd

topic Trust Scores

1

full Text
status
not-indexed
retrieval Available
false

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