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Enhancing Mindfulness Training in Virtual Reality: A Randomized Trial of Biofeedback Integration

Domingues Ana, Beato Ana, Oliveira Jorge, Gamito Pedro · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · 2025 · Randomised controlled study

Original publication

Recorded summary

Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.

Recorded limitations

The candle flame changed with measured heart rate. The baseline recording calibrated the mapping.

Evidence and provenance

Chapter Trust Factor uses a minimum of three distinct qualifying studies. Publication records retain their own evidence and assessment.

Study design and assessment
design
Randomised controlled study
assessment
category
rct-masking-unclear
peer Reviewed
true
basis
Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.
sources

https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933

is Randomized Controlled Trial
true
trust Factor
score
2
scope
Paper
status
assessed
randomized Controlled Trial
true
blinding
not-confirmed
peer Reviewed
true
basis
Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41269211/ · https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933

review Scope
Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.
assessed At
2026-11-05
display Crosses
2
jadad
status
unassessed
score
Not recorded
evidence
evidence Type
Participant study
measurement
Heart rate / heartbeat
relationship Note
The candle flame changed with measured heart rate. The baseline recording calibrated the mapping.
Topics and recorded topic scores
  1. key
    language:mindfulness-biofeedback
    title
    Mindfulness Biofeedback / AR / VR / Mixed Reality
    collection
    language
    trust Score
    2
Citation snapshot and identifiers
id
pmid-41269211
doi
10.1177/21522715251397933
pmid
41269211
citation Snapshot
Not recorded
citations By Collection
language
Not recorded
Complete approved library record
id
pmid-41269211
aliases
None recorded
title
Enhancing Mindfulness Training in Virtual Reality: A Randomized Trial of Biofeedback Integration
journal
Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
neurotransmitters
None recorded
year
2025
authors
Domingues Ana, Beato Ana, Oliveira Jorge, Gamito Pedro
design
Randomised controlled study
identity Conflict
Not recorded
doi
10.1177/21522715251397933
pmid
41269211
urls

https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933

collections

language

categories

Mindfulness and biofeedback

targets
None recorded
priority
1
quotes
None recorded
summary
Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.
limitation
The candle flame changed with measured heart rate. The baseline recording calibrated the mapping.
citation Count
Not recorded
study Design Assessment
category
rct-masking-unclear
peer Reviewed
true
basis
Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.
sources

https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933

is Randomized Controlled Trial
true
paper Trust Assessment
score
2
scope
Paper
status
assessed
randomized Controlled Trial
true
blinding
not-confirmed
peer Reviewed
true
basis
Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41269211/ · https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933

review Scope
Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.
assessed At
2026-11-05
display Crosses
2
citations By Collection
language
Not recorded
topics
  1. key
    language:mindfulness-biofeedback
    title
    Mindfulness Biofeedback / AR / VR / Mixed Reality
    collection
    language
    trust Score
    2
journal Key
cyberpsychologybehaviorandsocialnetworking
journal Label
Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
chapter Entries
  1. title
    Enhancing Mindfulness Training in Virtual Reality: A Randomized Trial of Biofeedback Integration
    doi
    10.1177/21522715251397933
    pmid
    41269211
    journal
    Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
    year
    2025
    authors
    Domingues Ana, Beato Ana, Oliveira Jorge, Gamito Pedro
    design
    Randomised controlled study
    urls

    https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933

    targets
    None recorded
    categories

    Mindfulness and biofeedback

    citation Count
    Not recorded
    evidence
    evidence Type
    Participant study
    measurement
    Heart rate / heartbeat
    relationship Note
    The candle flame changed with measured heart rate. The baseline recording calibrated the mapping.
    id
    language-biofeedback-04
    record Id
    pmid-41269211
    summary
    Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.
    limitation
    The candle flame changed with measured heart rate. The baseline recording calibrated the mapping.
    quotes
    None recorded
    source Pages
    None recorded
    study Design Assessment
    category
    rct-masking-unclear
    peer Reviewed
    true
    basis
    Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.
    sources

    https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933

    is Randomized Controlled Trial
    true
    paper Trust Assessment
    score
    2
    scope
    Paper
    status
    assessed
    randomized Controlled Trial
    true
    blinding
    not-confirmed
    peer Reviewed
    true
    basis
    Seventy-two adults were assigned to audio, VR or VR with feedback. Stress and anxiety fell across conditions. Corrected comparisons favoured feedback plus VR over audio for present-moment attention and receptive awareness. The VR-only arm differed significantly from neither.
    sources

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41269211/ · https://doi.org/10.1177/21522715251397933

    review Scope
    Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.
    assessed At
    2026-11-05
    display Crosses
    2
    collection
    language
    chapter Number
    2
    topic Id
    mindfulness-biofeedback
    topic Title
    Mindfulness Biofeedback / AR / VR / Mixed Reality
    trust Score
    2
evidence
evidence Type
Participant study
measurement
Heart rate / heartbeat
relationship Note
The candle flame changed with measured heart rate. The baseline recording calibrated the mapping.
jadad
status
unassessed
score
Not recorded
condition Evidence
None recorded
conditions
None recorded
topic Trust Scores

2

full Text
status
not-indexed
retrieval Available
false

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