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Brief Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality Mindfulness Breathing Exercise for Emotional Well-Being and Cognitive Functions in University Students: Within-Subjects Experimental Design Study

Eun Zoey K Y, Koh Charmaine Jiali, Yang Hwajin, Goh Adalia Y H, Hu Meilan, Kasturiratna K T A Sandeeshwara, Hartanto Andree · JMIR XR and Spatial Computing · 2026 · Context or measurement study

Original publication

Recorded summary

In 102 Singapore undergraduates (mean age 20.87), VR and mixed-reality breathing improved immediate affect and self-reported self-control against a mind-wandering audio comparison. Working memory showed no added benefit.

Recorded limitations

VR and MR guided the breathing exercises. A live physiological input controlling the exercise was unverified.

Evidence and provenance

Chapter Trust Factor uses a minimum of three distinct qualifying studies. Publication records retain their own evidence and assessment.

Study design and assessment
design
Context or measurement study
assessment
category
peer-reviewed-study
peer Reviewed
true
basis
The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.
sources

https://doi.org/10.2196/84239

trust Factor
score
1
scope
Paper
status
assessed
randomized Controlled Trial
Not recorded
blinding
not-confirmed
peer Reviewed
true
basis
The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42205234/ · https://doi.org/10.2196/84239

review Scope
Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.
assessed At
2026-11-05
display Crosses
1
jadad
status
unassessed
score
Not recorded
evidence
evidence Type
No live signal established
measurement
No live signal established
relationship Note
VR and MR guided the breathing exercises. A live physiological input controlling the exercise was unverified.
Topics and recorded topic scores
  1. key
    language:mindfulness-biofeedback
    title
    Mindfulness Biofeedback / AR / VR / Mixed Reality
    collection
    language
    trust Score
    2
Citation snapshot and identifiers
id
pmid-42205234
doi
10.2196/84239
pmid
42205234
citation Snapshot
Not recorded
citations By Collection
language
Not recorded
Complete approved library record
id
pmid-42205234
aliases
None recorded
title
Brief Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality Mindfulness Breathing Exercise for Emotional Well-Being and Cognitive Functions in University Students: Within-Subjects Experimental Design Study
journal
JMIR XR and Spatial Computing
neurotransmitters
None recorded
year
2026
authors
Eun Zoey K Y, Koh Charmaine Jiali, Yang Hwajin, Goh Adalia Y H, Hu Meilan, Kasturiratna K T A Sandeeshwara, Hartanto Andree
design
Context or measurement study
identity Conflict
Not recorded
doi
10.2196/84239
pmid
42205234
urls

https://doi.org/10.2196/84239

collections

language

categories

Mindfulness and biofeedback

targets
None recorded
priority
1
quotes
None recorded
summary
In 102 Singapore undergraduates (mean age 20.87), VR and mixed-reality breathing improved immediate affect and self-reported self-control against a mind-wandering audio comparison. Working memory showed no added benefit.
limitation
VR and MR guided the breathing exercises. A live physiological input controlling the exercise was unverified.
citation Count
Not recorded
study Design Assessment
category
peer-reviewed-study
peer Reviewed
true
basis
The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.
sources

https://doi.org/10.2196/84239

paper Trust Assessment
score
1
scope
Paper
status
assessed
randomized Controlled Trial
Not recorded
blinding
not-confirmed
peer Reviewed
true
basis
The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42205234/ · https://doi.org/10.2196/84239

review Scope
Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.
assessed At
2026-11-05
display Crosses
1
citations By Collection
language
Not recorded
topics
  1. key
    language:mindfulness-biofeedback
    title
    Mindfulness Biofeedback / AR / VR / Mixed Reality
    collection
    language
    trust Score
    2
journal Key
jmirxrandspatialcomputing
journal Label
JMIR XR and Spatial Computing
chapter Entries
  1. title
    Brief Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality Mindfulness Breathing Exercise for Emotional Well-Being and Cognitive Functions in University Students: Within-Subjects Experimental Design Study
    doi
    10.2196/84239
    pmid
    42205234
    journal
    JMIR XR and Spatial Computing
    year
    2026
    authors
    Eun Zoey K Y, Koh Charmaine Jiali, Yang Hwajin, Goh Adalia Y H, Hu Meilan, Kasturiratna K T A Sandeeshwara, Hartanto Andree
    design
    Context or measurement study
    urls

    https://doi.org/10.2196/84239

    targets
    None recorded
    categories

    Mindfulness and biofeedback

    citation Count
    Not recorded
    evidence
    evidence Type
    No live signal established
    measurement
    No live signal established
    relationship Note
    VR and MR guided the breathing exercises. A live physiological input controlling the exercise was unverified.
    id
    language-biofeedback-a04
    record Id
    pmid-42205234
    summary
    In 102 Singapore undergraduates (mean age 20.87), VR and mixed-reality breathing improved immediate affect and self-reported self-control against a mind-wandering audio comparison. Working memory showed no added benefit.
    limitation
    VR and MR guided the breathing exercises. A live physiological input controlling the exercise was unverified.
    quotes
    None recorded
    source Pages
    None recorded
    study Design Assessment
    category
    peer-reviewed-study
    peer Reviewed
    true
    basis
    The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.
    sources

    https://doi.org/10.2196/84239

    paper Trust Assessment
    score
    1
    scope
    Paper
    status
    assessed
    randomized Controlled Trial
    Not recorded
    blinding
    not-confirmed
    peer Reviewed
    true
    basis
    The publication is a peer-reviewed journal study or review. A qualifying randomised comparison was not verified in the assessed source.
    sources

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42205234/ · https://doi.org/10.2196/84239

    review Scope
    Existing publication-specific assessments and bibliographic indexing; no blanket full-text appraisal.
    assessed At
    2026-11-05
    display Crosses
    1
    collection
    language
    chapter Number
    2
    topic Id
    mindfulness-biofeedback
    topic Title
    Mindfulness Biofeedback / AR / VR / Mixed Reality
    trust Score
    2
evidence
evidence Type
No live signal established
measurement
No live signal established
relationship Note
VR and MR guided the breathing exercises. A live physiological input controlling the exercise was unverified.
jadad
status
unassessed
score
Not recorded
condition Evidence
None recorded
conditions
None recorded
topic Trust Scores

2

full Text
status
not-indexed
retrieval Available
false

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