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A randomized controlled trial on effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on blood pressure, psychological distress, and coping in young adults.

Nidich SI, Rainforth MV, Haaga DA, Hagelin J, Salerno JW, Travis F, Tanner M, Gaylord-King C, Grosswald S, Schneider RH. · American Journal of Hypertension · 2009 · Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified

Original publication · Original publication · Original publication · Original publication · Original publication

Recorded summary

Overall blood-pressure differences were not statistically significant. The hypertension-risk subgroup had larger reductions, alongside reported improvements in distress and coping. Subgroup cardiovascular findings do not demonstrate a general youth mental-health effect.

Recorded limitations

About 30% missing posttests, inactive control, three-month duration and mixed-age student sample. Overall BP differences were nonsignificant; subgroup BP finding is not universal hypertension prevention.

Evidence and provenance

Chapter Trust Factor uses a minimum of three distinct qualifying studies. Publication records retain their own evidence and assessment.

Study design and assessment
design
Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
assessment
category
single-blind-rct
is Randomized Controlled Trial
true
peer Reviewed
true
basis
rct
masking Roles
Outcome assessors masked; participants knew TM versus waitlist.
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798037/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128829/ · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fajh.2009.184 · https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3128829&retmode=xml

review Scope
selected-methods
trust Factor
score
2
display Crosses
2
scope
Paper
status
assessed
rating Scale
library-trust-factor/1-3
randomized Controlled Trial
true
peer Reviewed
true
blinding
single
masking Roles
Outcome assessors masked; participants knew TM versus waitlist.
basis
rct
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798037/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128829/ · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fajh.2009.184 · https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3128829&retmode=xml

assessed At
2026-11-02
review Scope
selected-methods
human Approval
false
review Limit
AI source-based design assessment; human content sign-off is recorded separately.
jadad
status
unassessed
score
Not recorded
evidence
evidence Type
Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
intervention
TM versus wait-list; three months.
provider
Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
comparator
See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
sample
298 randomized; 207 completed BP testing; 159 high-risk subgroup with 112 completed
population
age
University students, mean 25.5; no youth-only upper limit
age Fit
mixed-overlap
sample
298 randomized; 207 completed BP testing; 159 high-risk subgroup with 112 completed
setting
Not separately established; see population/intervention description
community
Not assigned
measurement
Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
trial Id
american-university-tm-2006
trial Registries
None recorded
registry Scope
Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
relationship Note
Consider voluntary meditation as a component to evaluate; do not claim the lab prevents hypertension. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
measured Genes
None recorded
pathways
None recorded
quality
tier
qualified
qualification
Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
false
jadad Score
Not recorded
masking Roles
Outcome assessors masked; participants knew TM versus waitlist.
harms And Attrition
Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
source Access
scope
selected-methods
full Text Cached
true
methods Inspected
true
full Text Appraisal Claim
false
level
selected-methods
source URLs

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798037/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128829/ · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fajh.2009.184 · https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3128829&retmode=xml

retrieved At
2026-11-02
Topics and recorded topic scores
  1. key
    language:i
    title
    Mantra meditation: cognition, creativity, mental health and cardiovascular outcomes
    collection
    language
    trust Score
    2
  2. key
    language:universal-mind-mobile-lab
    title
    Universal Mind Mobile Lab · Direct response and inspired by
    collection
    language
    trust Score
    3
  3. key
    language:transcendental-meditation-youth
    title
    Transcendental meditation for youth
    collection
    language
    trust Score
    Not recorded
Citation snapshot and identifiers
id
src-56e515aacddb
doi
10.1038/ajh.2009.184
pmid
19798037
citation Snapshot
count
Not recorded
source
Not recorded
retrieved At
Not recorded
status
not-assessed
citations By Collection
language
197
Complete approved library record
lab Relevance
relationship
inspired-by
implication
Consider voluntary meditation as a component to evaluate; do not claim the lab prevents hypertension.
transfer Limit
Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
institutions
None recorded
institution Evidence
None recorded
research Topics

Transcendental meditation

publication Status
pmid
19798037
checked At
2026-11-02T01:32:40.539651+00:00
pub Types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't · research-article · Randomized Controlled Trial · Journal Article · Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

indexed Notices
None recorded
crossref Updates
None recorded
notice Records
None recorded
scope
Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
notice Summary
Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
randomized Study Unit Id
american-university-tm-2006
publication Approval
status
approved-for-publication
approved By
Ben Korbel
approved At
2026-11-02
assessment
AI assessed; human approved for publication
scope
Approved research summaries for Informatics staging. No clinical peer review, treatment recommendation, partner endorsement or production release is claimed.
source Revision
r1-fe37710dce50
source Content Hash
fe37710dce50d03d0546923b3f812b9d653728dfe44d992e86b0eaea98863773
source Access
scope
selected-methods
full Text Cached
true
methods Inspected
true
full Text Appraisal Claim
false
level
selected-methods
source URLs

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798037/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128829/ · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fajh.2009.184 · https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3128829&retmode=xml

retrieved At
2026-11-02
study Family Id
american-university-tm-2006
approaches

Transcendental meditation

id
src-56e515aacddb
aliases

youth-pmid-19798037

title
A randomized controlled trial on effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on blood pressure, psychological distress, and coping in young adults.
journal
American Journal of Hypertension
neurotransmitters
None recorded
year
2009
authors
Nidich SI, Rainforth MV, Haaga DA, Hagelin J, Salerno JW, Travis F, Tanner M, Gaylord-King C, Grosswald S, Schneider RH.
design
Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
kind
Journal article
identity Conflict
Not recorded
doi
10.1038/ajh.2009.184
pmid
19798037
urls

https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798037/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128829/ · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fajh.2009.184 · https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3128829&retmode=xml

collections

language

categories

Clinical & self-report

targets
None recorded
priority
1
quotes
None recorded
summary
Overall blood-pressure differences were not statistically significant. The hypertension-risk subgroup had larger reductions, alongside reported improvements in distress and coping. Subgroup cardiovascular findings do not demonstrate a general youth mental-health effect.
limitation
About 30% missing posttests, inactive control, three-month duration and mixed-age student sample. Overall BP differences were nonsignificant; subgroup BP finding is not universal hypertension prevention.
citation Count
197
citation Snapshot
count
Not recorded
source
Not recorded
retrieved At
Not recorded
status
not-assessed
study Design Assessment
category
single-blind-rct
is Randomized Controlled Trial
true
peer Reviewed
true
basis
rct
masking Roles
Outcome assessors masked; participants knew TM versus waitlist.
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798037/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128829/ · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fajh.2009.184 · https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3128829&retmode=xml

review Scope
selected-methods
paper Trust Assessment
score
2
display Crosses
2
scope
Paper
status
assessed
rating Scale
library-trust-factor/1-3
randomized Controlled Trial
true
peer Reviewed
true
blinding
single
masking Roles
Outcome assessors masked; participants knew TM versus waitlist.
basis
rct
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798037/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128829/ · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fajh.2009.184 · https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3128829&retmode=xml

assessed At
2026-11-02
review Scope
selected-methods
human Approval
false
review Limit
AI source-based design assessment; human content sign-off is recorded separately.
citations By Collection
language
197
topics
  1. key
    language:i
    title
    Mantra meditation: cognition, creativity, mental health and cardiovascular outcomes
    collection
    language
    trust Score
    2
  2. key
    language:universal-mind-mobile-lab
    title
    Universal Mind Mobile Lab · Direct response and inspired by
    collection
    language
    trust Score
    3
  3. key
    language:transcendental-meditation-youth
    title
    Transcendental meditation for youth
    collection
    language
    trust Score
    Not recorded
journal Key
americanjournalofhypertension
journal Label
American Journal of Hypertension
chapter Entries
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    title
    A randomized controlled trial on effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on blood pressure, psychological distress, and coping in young adults.
    journal
    American Journal of Hypertension
    year
    2009
    authors
    Nidich SI, Rainforth MV, Haaga DA, Hagelin J, Salerno JW, Travis F, Tanner M, Gaylord-King C, Grosswald S, Schneider RH.
    design
    Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
    urls

    https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798037/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128829/ · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fajh.2009.184 · https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3128829&retmode=xml

    quotes
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    source Pages

    4

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    Clinical & self-report

    doi
    10.1038/ajh.2009.184
    pmid
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    library-trust-factor/1-3
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    Outcome assessors masked; participants knew TM versus waitlist.
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    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798037/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128829/ · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fajh.2009.184 · https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3128829&retmode=xml

    assessed At
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    AI source-based design assessment; human content sign-off is recorded separately.
    collections

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    Journal article
    original Note
    “This is the first randomised controlled trial to demonstrate that a selected mind–body intervention, the transcendental meditation program, decreased blood pressure in association with decreased psychological distress, and increased coping in young adults at risk for hypertension.”
    source Text
    “This is the first randomised controlled trial to demonstrate that a selected mind–body
    intervention, the transcendental meditation program, decreased blood pressure in association
    with decreased psychological distress, and increased coping in young adults at risk for
    hypertension.”
    A Randomized Controlled Trial on Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Blood
    Pressure, Psychological Distress, and Coping in Young Adults
    American Journal of Hypertension
    https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/22/12/1326/182024
    randomised controlled trial, single blind
    citations: 197
    source Design
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    historical Citation Count
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    source Section
    mantra meditation & mindfulness modulate happiness & DNA i. mantra meditation modulates cognition, creativity & mental health
    source Section Page
    4
    provenance
    1. collection
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      4

    verification
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    Randomized controlled design recorded in the publication-specific design or bibliographic indexing.
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    Not independently appraised; topic tags describe the source text.
    archive Entries
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      title
      A Randomized Controlled Trial on Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Blood Pressure, Psychological Distress, and Coping in Young Adults
      original Note
      “This is the first randomised controlled trial to demonstrate that a selected mind–body intervention, the transcendental meditation program, decreased blood pressure in association with decreased psychological distress, and increased coping in young adults at risk for hypertension.”
      source Text
      “This is the first randomised controlled trial to demonstrate that a selected mind–body
      intervention, the transcendental meditation program, decreased blood pressure in association
      with decreased psychological distress, and increased coping in young adults at risk for
      hypertension.”
      A Randomized Controlled Trial on Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Blood
      Pressure, Psychological Distress, and Coping in Young Adults
      American Journal of Hypertension
      https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/22/12/1326/182024
      randomised controlled trial, single blind
      citations: 197
      urls

      https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/22/12/1326/182024

      source Design
      randomised controlled trial, single blind
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      2
      section
      mantra meditation & mindfulness modulate happiness & DNA i. mantra meditation modulates cognition, creativity & mental health
      section Page
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      section Grade
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      historical Citation Count
      citations: 197
    source Title
    A Randomized Controlled Trial on Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Blood Pressure, Psychological Distress, and Coping in Young Adults
    publication Status
    pmid
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    checked At
    2026-11-02T01:32:40.539651+00:00
    pub Types

    Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't · research-article · Randomized Controlled Trial · Journal Article · Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

    indexed Notices
    None recorded
    crossref Updates
    None recorded
    notice Records
    None recorded
    scope
    Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
    legacy Article Stars
    Not recorded
    legacy Rating Basis
    Unrated until publication and study design are checked.
    aliases

    youth-pmid-19798037

    neurotransmitters
    None recorded
    conditions
    None recorded
    condition Evidence
    None recorded
    age Groups

    youth · adults

    age Population
    record Id
    src-56e515aacddb
    collections

    language

    groups

    youth · adults

    reported Ages
    University students, mean 25.5; no youth-only upper limit
    youth Scope
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    youth Source Note
    The existing youth filter includes adolescents and source-defined young people. It does not establish a separate 16–24 estimate.
    age Fit
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    source URL
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    basis Type
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    Broad groups describe source-reported populations or review scope. Eligibility and study mean ages are not observed participant ranges; read the reported-age wording.
    community Matches
    None recorded
    finding
    Overall blood-pressure differences were not statistically significant. The hypertension-risk subgroup had larger reductions, alongside reported improvements in distress and coping. Subgroup cardiovascular findings do not demonstrate a general youth mental-health effect.
    summary
    Overall blood-pressure differences were not statistically significant. The hypertension-risk subgroup had larger reductions, alongside reported improvements in distress and coping. Subgroup cardiovascular findings do not demonstrate a general youth mental-health effect.
    limitation
    About 30% missing posttests, inactive control, three-month duration and mixed-age student sample. Overall BP differences were nonsignificant; subgroup BP finding is not universal hypertension prevention.
    evidence
    evidence Type
    Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
    intervention
    TM versus wait-list; three months.
    provider
    Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
    comparator
    See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
    sample
    298 randomized; 207 completed BP testing; 159 high-risk subgroup with 112 completed
    population
    age
    University students, mean 25.5; no youth-only upper limit
    age Fit
    mixed-overlap
    sample
    298 randomized; 207 completed BP testing; 159 high-risk subgroup with 112 completed
    setting
    Not separately established; see population/intervention description
    community
    Not assigned
    measurement
    Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
    trial Id
    american-university-tm-2006
    trial Registries
    None recorded
    registry Scope
    Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
    relationship Note
    Consider voluntary meditation as a component to evaluate; do not claim the lab prevents hypertension. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
    measured Genes
    None recorded
    pathways
    None recorded
    quality
    tier
    qualified
    qualification
    Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
    formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
    false
    jadad Score
    Not recorded
    masking Roles
    Outcome assessors masked; participants knew TM versus waitlist.
    harms And Attrition
    Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
    source Access
    scope
    selected-methods
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    Outcome assessors masked; participants knew TM versus waitlist.
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    review Scope
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    unassessed
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    Not recorded
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    approved-for-publication
    approved By
    Ben Korbel
    approved At
    2026-11-02
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    AI assessed; human approved for publication
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    Approved research summaries for Informatics staging. No clinical peer review, treatment recommendation, partner endorsement or production release is claimed.
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    retrieved At
    2026-11-02
    study Family Id
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    None recorded
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    research Topics

    Transcendental meditation

    lab Relevance
    relationship
    inspired-by
    implication
    Consider voluntary meditation as a component to evaluate; do not claim the lab prevents hypertension.
    transfer Limit
    Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
    notice Summary
    Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
    approaches

    Transcendental meditation

    assessment Record
    id
    youth-pmid-19798037
    title
    A randomized controlled trial on effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on blood pressure, psychological distress, and coping in young adults.
    authors
    Nidich SI, Rainforth MV, Haaga DA, Hagelin J, Salerno JW, Travis F, Tanner M, Gaylord-King C, Grosswald S, Schneider RH.
    year
    2009
    journal
    American journal of hypertension
    doi
    10.1038/ajh.2009.184
    pmid
    19798037
    pmcid
    PMC3128829
    trial Registries
    None recorded
    registry Scope
    Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
    collection
    youth-20261102
    topics

    Transcendental meditation

    institutions
    None recorded
    institution Evidence
    None recorded
    publication Type

    Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't · research-article · Randomized Controlled Trial · Journal Article · Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

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    University students, mean 25.5; no youth-only upper limit
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    298 randomized; 207 completed BP testing; 159 high-risk subgroup with 112 completed
    setting
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    TM versus wait-list; three months.
    provider
    Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
    comparator
    See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
    design
    description
    rct
    category
    randomized-report
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    masking
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    double Blinding Verified
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    proposed Crosses
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    approved Crosses
    Not recorded
    findings
    Overall blood-pressure differences were not statistically significant. The hypertension-risk subgroup had larger reductions, alongside reported improvements in distress and coping. Subgroup cardiovascular findings do not demonstrate a general youth mental-health effect.
    limitations
    About 30% missing posttests, inactive control, three-month duration and mixed-age student sample. Overall BP differences were nonsignificant; subgroup BP finding is not universal hypertension prevention.
    harms And Attrition
    Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
    lab Relevance
    relationship
    inspired-by
    implication
    Consider voluntary meditation as a component to evaluate; do not claim the lab prevents hypertension.
    transfer Limit
    Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
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    scope
    selected-methods
    full Text Cached
    true
    methods Inspected
    true
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      A Randomized Controlled Trial on Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Blood Pressure, Psychological Distress, and Coping in Young Adults
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      Pressure, Psychological Distress, and Coping in Young Adults
      American Journal of Hypertension
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    assessment Record
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    title
    A randomized controlled trial on effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on blood pressure, psychological distress, and coping in young adults.
    authors
    Nidich SI, Rainforth MV, Haaga DA, Hagelin J, Salerno JW, Travis F, Tanner M, Gaylord-King C, Grosswald S, Schneider RH.
    year
    2009
    journal
    American journal of hypertension
    doi
    10.1038/ajh.2009.184
    pmid
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    None recorded
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    Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
    collection
    youth-20261102
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    Transcendental meditation

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    None recorded
    institution Evidence
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    publication Type

    Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't · research-article · Randomized Controlled Trial · Journal Article · Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

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    About 30% missing posttests, inactive control, three-month duration and mixed-age student sample. Overall BP differences were nonsignificant; subgroup BP finding is not universal hypertension prevention.
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    inspired-by
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evidence Type
Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
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TM versus wait-list; three months.
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See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
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298 randomized; 207 completed BP testing; 159 high-risk subgroup with 112 completed
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Not assigned
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Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
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None recorded
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Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
relationship Note
Consider voluntary meditation as a component to evaluate; do not claim the lab prevents hypertension. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
measured Genes
None recorded
pathways
None recorded
quality
tier
qualified
qualification
Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
false
jadad Score
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harms And Attrition
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true
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798037/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2009.184 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128829/ · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fajh.2009.184 · https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=3128829&retmode=xml

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jadad
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topic Trust Scores

2 · 3

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article Rights

This file is available for text mining. It may also be used consistent with the principles of fair use under the copyright law.

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checked At
2026-10-24

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