Social connection interventions and depression in young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Alvarez CV, Mirza L, Das-Munshi J, Oswald TK. · Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025 · Systematic review / meta-analysis
Original publication · Original publication · Original publication · Original publication · Original publication
Recorded summary
Small depression benefit, SMD −0.19 (95% CI −0.33 to −0.05); pooled loneliness change was not significant, SMD −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.05).
Recorded limitations
Mix of randomized and nonrandomized studies, mostly education settings and limited evidence; connection and loneliness are distinct outcomes.
Evidence and provenance
Chapter Trust Factor uses a minimum of three distinct qualifying studies. Publication records retain their own evidence and assessment.
Study design and assessment
- design
- Systematic review / meta-analysis
- assessment
- category
- review
- is Randomized Controlled Trial
- false
- peer Reviewed
- true
- basis
- Systematic review/meta-analysis of controlled social-connection interventions
- masking Roles
- Not applicable or not established from inspected methods; no masking inferred
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
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- false
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- blinding
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- Not applicable or not established from inspected methods; no masking inferred
- basis
- Systematic review/meta-analysis of controlled social-connection interventions
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
- assessed At
- 2026-11-02
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- false
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- AI source-based design assessment; human content sign-off is recorded separately.
- jadad
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- evidence
- evidence Type
- Systematic review / meta-analysis
- intervention
- Not applicable or not established from inspected sections
- provider
- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
- sample
- Six studies; four in depression and three in loneliness meta-analysis
- population
- age
- Target eligibility 18–24; includes longer follow-up of student cohorts
- age Fit
- mixed-overlap
- sample
- Six studies; four in depression and three in loneliness meta-analysis
- setting
- Not separately established; see population/intervention description
- community
- Not assigned
- measurement
- Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
- trial Id
- publication-39150513
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CRD42023395595
- registry Scope
- Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
- relationship Note
- A strong rationale to test connection explicitly, without promising loneliness reduction merely through attendance. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
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- None recorded
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- None recorded
- quality
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- Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
- formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
- false
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- Not applicable or not established from inspected methods; no masking inferred
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- Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
- source Access
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- true
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
Topics and recorded topic scores
- key
- language:universal-mind-mobile-lab
- title
- Universal Mind Mobile Lab · Direct response and inspired by
- collection
- language
- trust Score
- 3
- key
- language:youth-access-connection
- title
- Youth access, digital support and connection
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- language
- trust Score
- 3
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Complete approved library record
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- A strong rationale to test connection explicitly, without promising loneliness reduction merely through attendance.
- transfer Limit
- Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- institutions
- None recorded
- institution Evidence
- None recorded
- research Topics
Youth needs / digital / access
- publication Status
- pmid
- 39150513
- checked At
- 2026-11-02T01:32:46.768589+00:00
- pub Types
Meta-Analysis · Systematic Review · review-article · Journal Article
- indexed Notices
- None recorded
- crossref Updates
- None recorded
- notice Records
- None recorded
- scope
- Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
- notice Summary
- Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
- randomized Study Unit Id
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- approved By
- Ben Korbel
- approved At
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- assessment
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Youth needs / digital / access
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- aliases
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- title
- Social connection interventions and depression in young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- journal
- Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
- neurotransmitters
- None recorded
- year
- 2025
- authors
- Alvarez CV, Mirza L, Das-Munshi J, Oswald TK.
- design
- Systematic review / meta-analysis
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- Review
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- Not recorded
- doi
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- pmid
- 39150513
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
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Methods & context
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- None recorded
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- None recorded
- summary
- Small depression benefit, SMD −0.19 (95% CI −0.33 to −0.05); pooled loneliness change was not significant, SMD −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.05).
- limitation
- Mix of randomized and nonrandomized studies, mostly education settings and limited evidence; connection and loneliness are distinct outcomes.
- citation Count
- Not recorded
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- Not recorded
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- Not recorded
- retrieved At
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- is Randomized Controlled Trial
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- Systematic review/meta-analysis of controlled social-connection interventions
- masking Roles
- Not applicable or not established from inspected methods; no masking inferred
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
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- title
- Social connection interventions and depression in young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- authors
- Alvarez CV, Mirza L, Das-Munshi J, Oswald TK.
- year
- 2025
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- Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
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- Small depression benefit, SMD −0.19 (95% CI −0.33 to −0.05); pooled loneliness change was not significant, SMD −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.05).
- summary
- Small depression benefit, SMD −0.19 (95% CI −0.33 to −0.05); pooled loneliness change was not significant, SMD −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.05).
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Youth needs / digital / access
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- A strong rationale to test connection explicitly, without promising loneliness reduction merely through attendance.
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- Social connection interventions and depression in young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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- pmid
- 39150513
- urls
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
- collections
language
- categories
Methods & context
- targets
- None recorded
- neurotransmitters
- None recorded
- conditions
depression
- condition Evidence
- id
- depression
- evidence
- field
- title
- text
- Social connection interventions and depression in young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- matched Text
- depression
- field
- findings
- text
- Small depression benefit, SMD −0.19 (95% CI −0.33 to −0.05); pooled loneliness change was not significant, SMD −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.05).
- matched Text
- depression
- scope
- Studied topic or reported outcome, including null findings; no diagnosis, benefit or subgroup membership is inferred.
- age Groups
youth · adults
- age Population
- record Id
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language
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youth · adults
- reported Ages
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- The existing youth filter includes adolescents and source-defined young people. It does not establish a separate 16–24 estimate.
- age Fit
- mixed-overlap
- source URL
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/
- basis Type
- selected-methods-ai-editorial-assessment
- classification Note
- Broad groups describe source-reported populations or review scope. Eligibility and study mean ages are not observed participant ranges; read the reported-age wording.
- community Matches
- None recorded
- kind
- Review
- design
- Systematic review / meta-analysis
- origin
- approved-youth-20261102
- priority
- 1
- quotes
- None recorded
- finding
- Small depression benefit, SMD −0.19 (95% CI −0.33 to −0.05); pooled loneliness change was not significant, SMD −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.05).
- summary
- Small depression benefit, SMD −0.19 (95% CI −0.33 to −0.05); pooled loneliness change was not significant, SMD −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.05).
- limitation
- Mix of randomized and nonrandomized studies, mostly education settings and limited evidence; connection and loneliness are distinct outcomes.
- evidence
- evidence Type
- Systematic review / meta-analysis
- intervention
- Not applicable or not established from inspected sections
- provider
- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
- sample
- Six studies; four in depression and three in loneliness meta-analysis
- population
- age
- Target eligibility 18–24; includes longer follow-up of student cohorts
- age Fit
- mixed-overlap
- sample
- Six studies; four in depression and three in loneliness meta-analysis
- setting
- Not separately established; see population/intervention description
- community
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- measurement
- Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
- trial Id
- publication-39150513
- trial Registries
CRD42023395595
- registry Scope
- Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
- relationship Note
- A strong rationale to test connection explicitly, without promising loneliness reduction merely through attendance. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- measured Genes
- None recorded
- pathways
- None recorded
- quality
- tier
- priority
- qualification
- Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
- formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
- false
- jadad Score
- Not recorded
- masking Roles
- Not applicable or not established from inspected methods; no masking inferred
- harms And Attrition
- Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
- source Access
- scope
- selected-methods
- full Text Cached
- true
- methods Inspected
- true
- full Text Appraisal Claim
- false
- level
- selected-methods
- source URLs
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- study Design Assessment
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- basis
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- masking Roles
- Not applicable or not established from inspected methods; no masking inferred
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
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- library-trust-factor/1-3
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- masking Roles
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- basis
- Systematic review/meta-analysis of controlled social-connection interventions
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
- assessed At
- 2026-11-02
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- false
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- AI source-based design assessment; human content sign-off is recorded separately.
- jadad
- status
- not-applicable
- score
- Not recorded
- citation Count
- Not recorded
- citation Snapshot
- count
- Not recorded
- source
- Not recorded
- retrieved At
- Not recorded
- status
- not-assessed
- publication Approval
- status
- approved-for-publication
- approved By
- Ben Korbel
- approved At
- 2026-11-02
- assessment
- AI assessed; human approved for publication
- scope
- Approved research summaries for Informatics staging. No clinical peer review, treatment recommendation, partner endorsement or production release is claimed.
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- source Access
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- true
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- true
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- source URLs
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- study Family Id
- publication-39150513
- randomized Study Unit Id
- Not recorded
- institutions
- None recorded
- institution Evidence
- None recorded
- research Topics
Youth needs / digital / access
- lab Relevance
- relationship
- inspired-by
- implication
- A strong rationale to test connection explicitly, without promising loneliness reduction merely through attendance.
- transfer Limit
- Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- publication Status
- pmid
- 39150513
- checked At
- 2026-11-02T01:32:46.768589+00:00
- pub Types
Meta-Analysis · Systematic Review · review-article · Journal Article
- indexed Notices
- None recorded
- crossref Updates
- None recorded
- notice Records
- None recorded
- scope
- Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
- notice Summary
- Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
- approaches
Youth needs / digital / access
- record Id
- youth-pmid-39150513
- source Pages
- None recorded
- assessment Record
- id
- youth-pmid-39150513
- title
- Social connection interventions and depression in young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- authors
- Alvarez CV, Mirza L, Das-Munshi J, Oswald TK.
- year
- 2025
- journal
- Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
- doi
- 10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1
- pmid
- 39150513
- pmcid
- PMC11870875
- trial Registries
CRD42023395595
- registry Scope
- Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
- collection
- youth-20261102
- topics
Youth needs / digital / access
- institutions
- None recorded
- institution Evidence
- None recorded
- publication Type
Meta-Analysis · Systematic Review · review-article · Journal Article
- study Family Id
- publication-39150513
- randomized Study Unit Id
- Not recorded
- existing Repository Matches
- None recorded
- population
- age
- Target eligibility 18–24; includes longer follow-up of student cohorts
- age Fit
- mixed-overlap
- sample
- Six studies; four in depression and three in loneliness meta-analysis
- setting
- Not separately established; see population/intervention description
- community
- Not assigned
- intervention
- description And Dose
- Not applicable or not established from inspected sections
- provider
- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
- design
- description
- Systematic review/meta-analysis of controlled social-connection interventions
- category
- review
- randomization Methods Inspected
- false
- masking
- Not applicable or not established from inspected methods; no masking inferred
- double Blinding Verified
- false
- proposed Crosses
- 1
- approved Crosses
- Not recorded
- findings
- Small depression benefit, SMD −0.19 (95% CI −0.33 to −0.05); pooled loneliness change was not significant, SMD −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.05).
- limitations
- Mix of randomized and nonrandomized studies, mostly education settings and limited evidence; connection and loneliness are distinct outcomes.
- harms And Attrition
- Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
- lab Relevance
- relationship
- inspired-by
- implication
- A strong rationale to test connection explicitly, without promising loneliness reduction merely through attendance.
- transfer Limit
- Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- source Access
- scope
- selected-methods
- full Text Cached
- true
- methods Inspected
- true
- full Text Appraisal Claim
- false
- sources
- type
- primary bibliographic record
- url
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- sha256
- 103d31c2802862760fb382f3e74e1eababa3ce10eb9569b5b4ad051e149cbb37
- hash Scope
- normalized Europe PMC core metadata snapshot
- type
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- url
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1
- retrieved At
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- type
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- url
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- access
- Full text cached
- type
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- url
- https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML
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- sha256
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- pmid
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- checked At
- 2026-11-02T01:32:46.768589+00:00
- pub Types
Meta-Analysis · Systematic Review · review-article · Journal Article
- indexed Notices
- None recorded
- crossref Updates
- None recorded
- notice Records
- None recorded
- scope
- Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
- notice Summary
- Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
- quality
- tier
- priority
- qualification
- Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
- formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
- false
- jadad Score
- Not recorded
- review Ready
- true
- hold Reason
- Not recorded
- duplicate Of
- Not recorded
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- status
- pending
- reviewer
- Not recorded
- approved At
- Not recorded
- decision Scope
- Ben reviews proposed content and release; full medical-paper reading is not required.
- provenance
- Discovered and appraised by AI; pending human content sign-off
- production Eligible
- false
- approved Retrieval Eligible
- false
- selected Corpus References
youth-pmid-33079071 · youth-pmid-34021113
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- Explicit publisher reference identifiers; citation is not proof of inclusion in a meta-analysis.
- content Hash
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- archive Entries
- None recorded
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- chapter Number
- 6
- topic Id
- youth-access-connection
- topic Title
- Youth access, digital support and connection
- trust Score
- 3
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- provider
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- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
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- Six studies; four in depression and three in loneliness meta-analysis
- population
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- Target eligibility 18–24; includes longer follow-up of student cohorts
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- Six studies; four in depression and three in loneliness meta-analysis
- setting
- Not separately established; see population/intervention description
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- measurement
- Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
- trial Id
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- trial Registries
CRD42023395595
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- Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
- relationship Note
- A strong rationale to test connection explicitly, without promising loneliness reduction merely through attendance. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- measured Genes
- None recorded
- pathways
- None recorded
- quality
- tier
- priority
- qualification
- Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
- formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
- false
- jadad Score
- Not recorded
- masking Roles
- Not applicable or not established from inspected methods; no masking inferred
- harms And Attrition
- Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
- source Access
- scope
- selected-methods
- full Text Cached
- true
- methods Inspected
- true
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- source URLs
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39150513/ · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11870875/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11870875/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1007%2Fs00127-024-02722-1
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- jadad
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- depression
- evidence
- field
- title
- text
- Social connection interventions and depression in young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- matched Text
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- field
- findings
- text
- Small depression benefit, SMD −0.19 (95% CI −0.33 to −0.05); pooled loneliness change was not significant, SMD −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.05).
- matched Text
- depression
- scope
- Studied topic or reported outcome, including null findings; no diagnosis, benefit or subgroup membership is inferred.
- conditions
depression
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3
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- retrieval Available
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