Universal Informatics · Research reading room

A parametric investigation of binaural beats for brain entrainment and enhancing sustained attention.

Melnichuk A, Cooper RK, Hawk LW. · Scientific reports · 2025 · Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified

Original publication · Original publication · Original publication · Original publication · Original publication

Recorded summary

Some gamma-beat settings improved overall task performance and produced EEG responses, but did not reduce deterioration of vigilance over time. This is a laboratory cognition finding, not a clinical stress trial.

Recorded limitations

Small factorial cells and 20% exclusion from recruited sample; multiple parameter comparisons.

Evidence and provenance

Chapter Trust Factor uses a minimum of three distinct qualifying studies. Publication records retain their own evidence and assessment.

Study design and assessment
design
Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
assessment
category
rct-masking-unclear
is Randomized Controlled Trial
true
peer Reviewed
true
basis
randomized-crossover
masking Roles
participants
Beat hypothesis withheld until completion; masking success untested
providers
Not established
assessors
Not established
analysts
Not established
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

review Scope
selected-methods
trust Factor
score
2
display Crosses
2
scope
Paper
status
assessed
rating Scale
library-trust-factor/1-3
randomized Controlled Trial
true
peer Reviewed
true
blinding
not-confirmed
masking Roles
participants
Beat hypothesis withheld until completion; masking success untested
providers
Not established
assessors
Not established
analysts
Not established
basis
randomized-crossover
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

assessed At
2026-11-02
review Scope
selected-methods
human Approval
false
review Limit
AI source-based design assessment; human content sign-off is recorded separately.
jadad
status
unassessed
score
Not recorded
evidence
evidence Type
Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
intervention
Two visits comparing binaural beats and control tones, with randomized frequency, carrier, onset and background-noise factors.
provider
Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
comparator
See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
sample
80 recruited; 64 analyzed after 12 missing second visits and four performance exclusions.
population
age
Undergraduates; analyzed sample mean age 19.
age Fit
target-centred
sample
80 recruited; 64 analyzed after 12 missing second visits and four performance exclusions.
setting
Not separately established; see population/intervention description
community
Not assigned
measurement
Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
trial Id
publication-39910150
trial Registries
None recorded
registry Scope
Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
relationship Note
Can inform experimental sound parameters and attention tasks; does not justify a wellbeing promise. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
measured Genes
None recorded
pathways
None recorded
quality
tier
qualified
qualification
Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
false
jadad Score
Not recorded
masking Roles
participants
Beat hypothesis withheld until completion; masking success untested
providers
Not established
assessors
Not established
analysts
Not established
harms And Attrition
Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
source Access
scope
selected-methods
full Text Cached
true
methods Inspected
true
full Text Appraisal Claim
false
level
selected-methods
source URLs

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

retrieved At
2026-11-02
Topics and recorded topic scores
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    title
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    sound
    trust Score
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  2. key
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    title
    Sound and brain entrainment for youth
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    sound
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    1
Citation snapshot and identifiers
id
youth-pmid-39910150
doi
10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z
pmid
39910150
citation Snapshot
count
Not recorded
source
Not recorded
retrieved At
Not recorded
status
not-assessed
citations By Collection
sound
Not recorded
Complete approved library record
lab Relevance
relationship
inspired-by
implication
Can inform experimental sound parameters and attention tasks; does not justify a wellbeing promise.
transfer Limit
Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
institutions
None recorded
institution Evidence
None recorded
research Topics

Sound / brain entrainment

publication Status
pmid
39910150
checked At
2026-11-02T01:32:46.773661+00:00
pub Types

research-article · Journal Article

indexed Notices
None recorded
crossref Updates
None recorded
notice Records
None recorded
scope
Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
notice Summary
Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
randomized Study Unit Id
publication-39910150
publication Approval
status
approved-for-publication
approved By
Ben Korbel
approved At
2026-11-02
assessment
AI assessed; human approved for publication
scope
Approved research summaries for Informatics staging. No clinical peer review, treatment recommendation, partner endorsement or production release is claimed.
source Revision
r1-81c6fdbe6a15
source Content Hash
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source Access
scope
selected-methods
full Text Cached
true
methods Inspected
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full Text Appraisal Claim
false
level
selected-methods
source URLs

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

retrieved At
2026-11-02
study Family Id
publication-39910150
approaches

Sound / brain entrainment

id
youth-pmid-39910150
aliases
None recorded
title
A parametric investigation of binaural beats for brain entrainment and enhancing sustained attention.
journal
Scientific reports
neurotransmitters
None recorded
year
2025
authors
Melnichuk A, Cooper RK, Hawk LW.
design
Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
kind
Journal article
identity Conflict
Not recorded
doi
10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z
pmid
39910150
urls

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

collections

sound

categories

Clinical & self-report

targets
None recorded
priority
1
quotes
None recorded
summary
Some gamma-beat settings improved overall task performance and produced EEG responses, but did not reduce deterioration of vigilance over time. This is a laboratory cognition finding, not a clinical stress trial.
limitation
Small factorial cells and 20% exclusion from recruited sample; multiple parameter comparisons.
citation Count
Not recorded
citation Snapshot
count
Not recorded
source
Not recorded
retrieved At
Not recorded
status
not-assessed
study Design Assessment
category
rct-masking-unclear
is Randomized Controlled Trial
true
peer Reviewed
true
basis
randomized-crossover
masking Roles
participants
Beat hypothesis withheld until completion; masking success untested
providers
Not established
assessors
Not established
analysts
Not established
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

review Scope
selected-methods
paper Trust Assessment
score
2
display Crosses
2
scope
Paper
status
assessed
rating Scale
library-trust-factor/1-3
randomized Controlled Trial
true
peer Reviewed
true
blinding
not-confirmed
masking Roles
participants
Beat hypothesis withheld until completion; masking success untested
providers
Not established
assessors
Not established
analysts
Not established
basis
randomized-crossover
sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

assessed At
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review Scope
selected-methods
human Approval
false
review Limit
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citations By Collection
sound
Not recorded
topics
  1. key
    sound:universal-mind-mobile-lab
    title
    Universal Mind Mobile Lab · Direct response and inspired by
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    sound
    trust Score
    2
  2. key
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    Sound and brain entrainment for youth
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    sound
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journal Key
scientificreports
journal Label
Scientific reports
chapter Entries
  1. id
    sound-universal-mind-mobile-lab-youth-pmid-39910150
    aliases
    None recorded
    title
    A parametric investigation of binaural beats for brain entrainment and enhancing sustained attention.
    authors
    Melnichuk A, Cooper RK, Hawk LW.
    year
    2025
    journal
    Scientific reports
    doi
    10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z
    pmid
    39910150
    urls

    https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

    collections

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    None recorded
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    condition Evidence
    1. id
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      1. field
        findings
        text
        Some gamma-beat settings improved overall task performance and produced EEG responses, but did not reduce deterioration of vigilance over time. This is a laboratory cognition finding, not a clinical stress trial.
        matched Text
        stress
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      Studied topic or reported outcome, including null findings; no diagnosis, benefit or subgroup membership is inferred.
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    source URL
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    Broad groups describe source-reported populations or review scope. Eligibility and study mean ages are not observed participant ranges; read the reported-age wording.
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    Journal article
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    Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
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    quotes
    None recorded
    finding
    Some gamma-beat settings improved overall task performance and produced EEG responses, but did not reduce deterioration of vigilance over time. This is a laboratory cognition finding, not a clinical stress trial.
    summary
    Some gamma-beat settings improved overall task performance and produced EEG responses, but did not reduce deterioration of vigilance over time. This is a laboratory cognition finding, not a clinical stress trial.
    limitation
    Small factorial cells and 20% exclusion from recruited sample; multiple parameter comparisons.
    evidence
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    Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
    intervention
    Two visits comparing binaural beats and control tones, with randomized frequency, carrier, onset and background-noise factors.
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    Undergraduates; analyzed sample mean age 19.
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    target-centred
    sample
    80 recruited; 64 analyzed after 12 missing second visits and four performance exclusions.
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    Not separately established; see population/intervention description
    community
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    Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
    trial Id
    publication-39910150
    trial Registries
    None recorded
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    Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
    relationship Note
    Can inform experimental sound parameters and attention tasks; does not justify a wellbeing promise. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
    measured Genes
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    pathways
    None recorded
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    qualified
    qualification
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    formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
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    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

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    retrieved At
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    study Family Id
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    Sound / brain entrainment

    lab Relevance
    relationship
    inspired-by
    implication
    Can inform experimental sound parameters and attention tasks; does not justify a wellbeing promise.
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    indexed Notices
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    crossref Updates
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    notice Records
    None recorded
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    Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
    notice Summary
    Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
    approaches

    Sound / brain entrainment

    record Id
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    assessment Record
    id
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    title
    A parametric investigation of binaural beats for brain entrainment and enhancing sustained attention.
    authors
    Melnichuk A, Cooper RK, Hawk LW.
    year
    2025
    journal
    Scientific reports
    doi
    10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z
    pmid
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    Sound / brain entrainment

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    research-article · Journal Article

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    relationship
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    Can inform experimental sound parameters and attention tasks; does not justify a wellbeing promise.
    transfer Limit
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    indexed Notices
    None recorded
    crossref Updates
    None recorded
    notice Records
    None recorded
    scope
    Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
    notice Summary
    Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
    quality
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    Not recorded
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    Not recorded
    decision Scope
    Ben reviews proposed content and release; full medical-paper reading is not required.
    provenance
    Discovered and appraised by AI; pending human content sign-off
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    selected Corpus References
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    trust Score
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  2. id
    sound-sound-entrainment-youth-youth-pmid-39910150
    aliases
    None recorded
    title
    A parametric investigation of binaural beats for brain entrainment and enhancing sustained attention.
    authors
    Melnichuk A, Cooper RK, Hawk LW.
    year
    2025
    journal
    Scientific reports
    doi
    10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z
    pmid
    39910150
    urls

    https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

    collections

    sound

    categories

    Clinical & self-report

    targets
    None recorded
    neurotransmitters
    None recorded
    conditions

    stress

    condition Evidence
    1. id
      stress
      evidence
      1. field
        findings
        text
        Some gamma-beat settings improved overall task performance and produced EEG responses, but did not reduce deterioration of vigilance over time. This is a laboratory cognition finding, not a clinical stress trial.
        matched Text
        stress
      scope
      Studied topic or reported outcome, including null findings; no diagnosis, benefit or subgroup membership is inferred.
    age Groups

    youth · adults

    age Population
    record Id
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    collections

    sound

    groups

    youth · adults

    reported Ages
    Undergraduates; analyzed sample mean age 19.
    youth Scope
    focus
    youth Source Note
    The existing youth filter includes adolescents and source-defined young people. It does not establish a separate 16–24 estimate.
    age Fit
    target-centred
    source URL
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/
    basis Type
    selected-methods-ai-editorial-assessment
    classification Note
    Broad groups describe source-reported populations or review scope. Eligibility and study mean ages are not observed participant ranges; read the reported-age wording.
    community Matches
    None recorded
    kind
    Journal article
    design
    Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
    origin
    approved-youth-20261102
    priority
    1
    quotes
    None recorded
    finding
    Some gamma-beat settings improved overall task performance and produced EEG responses, but did not reduce deterioration of vigilance over time. This is a laboratory cognition finding, not a clinical stress trial.
    summary
    Some gamma-beat settings improved overall task performance and produced EEG responses, but did not reduce deterioration of vigilance over time. This is a laboratory cognition finding, not a clinical stress trial.
    limitation
    Small factorial cells and 20% exclusion from recruited sample; multiple parameter comparisons.
    evidence
    evidence Type
    Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
    intervention
    Two visits comparing binaural beats and control tones, with randomized frequency, carrier, onset and background-noise factors.
    provider
    Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
    comparator
    See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
    sample
    80 recruited; 64 analyzed after 12 missing second visits and four performance exclusions.
    population
    age
    Undergraduates; analyzed sample mean age 19.
    age Fit
    target-centred
    sample
    80 recruited; 64 analyzed after 12 missing second visits and four performance exclusions.
    setting
    Not separately established; see population/intervention description
    community
    Not assigned
    measurement
    Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
    trial Id
    publication-39910150
    trial Registries
    None recorded
    registry Scope
    Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
    relationship Note
    Can inform experimental sound parameters and attention tasks; does not justify a wellbeing promise. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
    measured Genes
    None recorded
    pathways
    None recorded
    quality
    tier
    qualified
    qualification
    Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
    formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
    false
    jadad Score
    Not recorded
    masking Roles
    participants
    Beat hypothesis withheld until completion; masking success untested
    providers
    Not established
    assessors
    Not established
    analysts
    Not established
    harms And Attrition
    Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
    source Access
    scope
    selected-methods
    full Text Cached
    true
    methods Inspected
    true
    full Text Appraisal Claim
    false
    level
    selected-methods
    source URLs

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

    retrieved At
    2026-11-02
    study Design Assessment
    category
    rct-masking-unclear
    is Randomized Controlled Trial
    true
    peer Reviewed
    true
    basis
    randomized-crossover
    masking Roles
    participants
    Beat hypothesis withheld until completion; masking success untested
    providers
    Not established
    assessors
    Not established
    analysts
    Not established
    sources

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

    review Scope
    selected-methods
    paper Trust Assessment
    score
    2
    display Crosses
    2
    scope
    Paper
    status
    assessed
    rating Scale
    library-trust-factor/1-3
    randomized Controlled Trial
    true
    peer Reviewed
    true
    blinding
    not-confirmed
    masking Roles
    participants
    Beat hypothesis withheld until completion; masking success untested
    providers
    Not established
    assessors
    Not established
    analysts
    Not established
    basis
    randomized-crossover
    sources

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

    assessed At
    2026-11-02
    review Scope
    selected-methods
    human Approval
    false
    review Limit
    AI source-based design assessment; human content sign-off is recorded separately.
    jadad
    status
    unassessed
    score
    Not recorded
    citation Count
    Not recorded
    citation Snapshot
    count
    Not recorded
    source
    Not recorded
    retrieved At
    Not recorded
    status
    not-assessed
    publication Approval
    status
    approved-for-publication
    approved By
    Ben Korbel
    approved At
    2026-11-02
    assessment
    AI assessed; human approved for publication
    scope
    Approved research summaries for Informatics staging. No clinical peer review, treatment recommendation, partner endorsement or production release is claimed.
    source Revision
    r1-81c6fdbe6a15
    source Content Hash
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    source Access
    scope
    selected-methods
    full Text Cached
    true
    methods Inspected
    true
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    false
    level
    selected-methods
    source URLs

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    retrieved At
    2026-11-02
    study Family Id
    publication-39910150
    randomized Study Unit Id
    publication-39910150
    institutions
    None recorded
    institution Evidence
    None recorded
    research Topics

    Sound / brain entrainment

    lab Relevance
    relationship
    inspired-by
    implication
    Can inform experimental sound parameters and attention tasks; does not justify a wellbeing promise.
    transfer Limit
    Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
    publication Status
    pmid
    39910150
    checked At
    2026-11-02T01:32:46.773661+00:00
    pub Types

    research-article · Journal Article

    indexed Notices
    None recorded
    crossref Updates
    None recorded
    notice Records
    None recorded
    scope
    Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
    notice Summary
    Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
    approaches

    Sound / brain entrainment

    record Id
    youth-pmid-39910150
    source Pages
    None recorded
    assessment Record
    id
    youth-pmid-39910150
    title
    A parametric investigation of binaural beats for brain entrainment and enhancing sustained attention.
    authors
    Melnichuk A, Cooper RK, Hawk LW.
    year
    2025
    journal
    Scientific reports
    doi
    10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z
    pmid
    39910150
    pmcid
    PMC11799511
    trial Registries
    None recorded
    registry Scope
    Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
    collection
    youth-20261102
    topics

    Sound / brain entrainment

    institutions
    None recorded
    institution Evidence
    None recorded
    publication Type

    research-article · Journal Article

    study Family Id
    publication-39910150
    randomized Study Unit Id
    publication-39910150
    existing Repository Matches
    None recorded
    population
    age
    Undergraduates; analyzed sample mean age 19.
    age Fit
    target-centred
    sample
    80 recruited; 64 analyzed after 12 missing second visits and four performance exclusions.
    setting
    Not separately established; see population/intervention description
    community
    Not assigned
    intervention
    description And Dose
    Two visits comparing binaural beats and control tones, with randomized frequency, carrier, onset and background-noise factors.
    provider
    Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
    comparator
    See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
    design
    description
    randomized-crossover
    category
    randomized-report
    randomization Methods Inspected
    true
    masking
    participants
    Beat hypothesis withheld until completion; masking success untested
    providers
    Not established
    assessors
    Not established
    analysts
    Not established
    double Blinding Verified
    false
    proposed Crosses
    2
    approved Crosses
    Not recorded
    findings
    Some gamma-beat settings improved overall task performance and produced EEG responses, but did not reduce deterioration of vigilance over time. This is a laboratory cognition finding, not a clinical stress trial.
    limitations
    Small factorial cells and 20% exclusion from recruited sample; multiple parameter comparisons.
    harms And Attrition
    Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
    lab Relevance
    relationship
    inspired-by
    implication
    Can inform experimental sound parameters and attention tasks; does not justify a wellbeing promise.
    transfer Limit
    Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
    source Access
    scope
    selected-methods
    full Text Cached
    true
    methods Inspected
    true
    full Text Appraisal Claim
    false
    sources
    1. type
      primary bibliographic record
      url
      https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/
      retrieved At
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      sha256
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      hash Scope
      normalized Europe PMC core metadata snapshot
    2. type
      publisher DOI
      url
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      retrieved At
      2026-11-02
    3. type
      PMC article
      url
      https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/
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      2026-11-02
      access
      Full text cached
    4. type
      full-text-xml
      url
      https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML
      retrieved At
      2026-11-02T00:59:09.255210+00:00
      sha256
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      DOI-metadata
      url
      https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z
      retrieved At
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      sha256
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    publication Status
    pmid
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    checked At
    2026-11-02T01:32:46.773661+00:00
    pub Types

    research-article · Journal Article

    indexed Notices
    None recorded
    crossref Updates
    None recorded
    notice Records
    None recorded
    scope
    Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
    notice Summary
    Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
    quality
    tier
    qualified
    qualification
    Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
    formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
    false
    jadad Score
    Not recorded
    review Ready
    true
    hold Reason
    Not recorded
    duplicate Of
    Not recorded
    review
    status
    pending
    reviewer
    Not recorded
    approved At
    Not recorded
    decision Scope
    Ben reviews proposed content and release; full medical-paper reading is not required.
    provenance
    Discovered and appraised by AI; pending human content sign-off
    production Eligible
    false
    approved Retrieval Eligible
    false
    selected Corpus References
    None recorded
    reference Scope
    Explicit publisher reference identifiers; citation is not proof of inclusion in a meta-analysis.
    content Hash
    81c6fdbe6a15355a33727d3c222ed2d2e92c21424e6c483faed319d7c3bd80e8
    revision
    r1-81c6fdbe6a15
    archive Entries
    None recorded
    collection
    sound
    chapter Number
    8
    topic Id
    sound-entrainment-youth
    topic Title
    Sound and brain entrainment for youth
    trust Score
    1
evidence
evidence Type
Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
intervention
Two visits comparing binaural beats and control tones, with randomized frequency, carrier, onset and background-noise factors.
provider
Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
comparator
See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
sample
80 recruited; 64 analyzed after 12 missing second visits and four performance exclusions.
population
age
Undergraduates; analyzed sample mean age 19.
age Fit
target-centred
sample
80 recruited; 64 analyzed after 12 missing second visits and four performance exclusions.
setting
Not separately established; see population/intervention description
community
Not assigned
measurement
Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
trial Id
publication-39910150
trial Registries
None recorded
registry Scope
Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
relationship Note
Can inform experimental sound parameters and attention tasks; does not justify a wellbeing promise. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
measured Genes
None recorded
pathways
None recorded
quality
tier
qualified
qualification
Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
false
jadad Score
Not recorded
masking Roles
participants
Beat hypothesis withheld until completion; masking success untested
providers
Not established
assessors
Not established
analysts
Not established
harms And Attrition
Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
source Access
scope
selected-methods
full Text Cached
true
methods Inspected
true
full Text Appraisal Claim
false
level
selected-methods
source URLs

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910150/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88517-z · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11799511/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11799511/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs41598-025-88517-z

retrieved At
2026-11-02
jadad
status
unassessed
score
Not recorded
condition Evidence
  1. id
    stress
    evidence
    1. field
      findings
      text
      Some gamma-beat settings improved overall task performance and produced EEG responses, but did not reduce deterioration of vigilance over time. This is a laboratory cognition finding, not a clinical stress trial.
      matched Text
      stress
    scope
    Studied topic or reported outcome, including null findings; no diagnosis, benefit or subgroup membership is inferred.
conditions

stress

topic Trust Scores

2 · 1

full Text
status
not-indexed
retrieval Available
false

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