Introducing a mindfulness-based intervention in school curriculum to 16-24-year-olds. A nationwide cluster-randomized trial.
Juul L, Frydenberg M, Bonde EH, Beck MS, Goetzsche K, Bruggisser S, Fjorback LO. · Npj mental health research · 2025 · Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
Original publication · Original publication · Original publication · Original publication · Original publication
Recorded summary
Primary wellbeing outcome did not improve overall at three or six months. Small female secondary-school subgroup signal at three months was not sustained.
Recorded limitations
School/student attrition, self-report and subgroup multiplicity. Registration occurred during the 2019–2021 study. Teacher reports of no intervention-related events do not prove absence of harms.
Evidence and provenance
Chapter Trust Factor uses a minimum of three distinct qualifying studies. Publication records retain their own evidence and assessment.
Study design and assessment
- design
- Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
- assessment
- category
- rct-masking-unclear
- is Randomized Controlled Trial
- true
- peer Reviewed
- true
- basis
- Nationwide cluster-randomized trial
- masking Roles
- Allocator independent of recruitment; schools sorted by random number before alternate allocation. Participant/teacher masking not feasible.
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
- review Scope
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- 2
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- library-trust-factor/1-3
- randomized Controlled Trial
- true
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- true
- blinding
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- masking Roles
- Allocator independent of recruitment; schools sorted by random number before alternate allocation. Participant/teacher masking not feasible.
- basis
- Nationwide cluster-randomized trial
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
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- jadad
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- evidence
- evidence Type
- Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
- intervention
- Teacher training plus ten classroom mindfulness sessions versus usual teaching
- provider
- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
- sample
- 989 students, 43 schools; follow-up from 696 students in 31 schools
- population
- age
- 16–24
- age Fit
- direct
- sample
- 989 students, 43 schools; follow-up from 696 students in 31 schools
- setting
- Not separately established; see population/intervention description
- community
- Not assigned
- measurement
- Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
- trial Id
- publication-40789917
- trial Registries
NCT04610333
- registry Scope
- Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
- relationship Note
- Direct age-match argues against universal guaranteed benefit; test optional, tailored formats and record adverse experiences. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
- retrieved At
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Topics and recorded topic scores
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- trust Score
- 3
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Complete approved library record
- lab Relevance
- relationship
- limits
- implication
- Direct age-match argues against universal guaranteed benefit; test optional, tailored formats and record adverse experiences.
- transfer Limit
- Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- institutions
- None recorded
- institution Evidence
- None recorded
- research Topics
Mindfulness
- publication Status
- pmid
- 40789917
- checked At
- 2026-11-02T01:32:46.780458+00:00
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research-article · Journal Article
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- None recorded
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- Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
- notice Summary
- Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
- randomized Study Unit Id
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- approved At
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- assessment
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- Introducing a mindfulness-based intervention in school curriculum to 16-24-year-olds. A nationwide cluster-randomized trial.
- journal
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- year
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- authors
- Juul L, Frydenberg M, Bonde EH, Beck MS, Goetzsche K, Bruggisser S, Fjorback LO.
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
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- summary
- Primary wellbeing outcome did not improve overall at three or six months. Small female secondary-school subgroup signal at three months was not sustained.
- limitation
- School/student attrition, self-report and subgroup multiplicity. Registration occurred during the 2019–2021 study. Teacher reports of no intervention-related events do not prove absence of harms.
- citation Count
- Not recorded
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- Not recorded
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- Allocator independent of recruitment; schools sorted by random number before alternate allocation. Participant/teacher masking not feasible.
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
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- title
- Introducing a mindfulness-based intervention in school curriculum to 16-24-year-olds. A nationwide cluster-randomized trial.
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- Juul L, Frydenberg M, Bonde EH, Beck MS, Goetzsche K, Bruggisser S, Fjorback LO.
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- Npj mental health research
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
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- finding
- Primary wellbeing outcome did not improve overall at three or six months. Small female secondary-school subgroup signal at three months was not sustained.
- summary
- Primary wellbeing outcome did not improve overall at three or six months. Small female secondary-school subgroup signal at three months was not sustained.
- limitation
- School/student attrition, self-report and subgroup multiplicity. Registration occurred during the 2019–2021 study. Teacher reports of no intervention-related events do not prove absence of harms.
- evidence
- evidence Type
- Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
- intervention
- Teacher training plus ten classroom mindfulness sessions versus usual teaching
- provider
- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
- sample
- 989 students, 43 schools; follow-up from 696 students in 31 schools
- population
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- direct
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- 989 students, 43 schools; follow-up from 696 students in 31 schools
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- pathways
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- qualification
- Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
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- implication
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- transfer Limit
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- notice Summary
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- Introducing a mindfulness-based intervention in school curriculum to 16-24-year-olds. A nationwide cluster-randomized trial.
- authors
- Juul L, Frydenberg M, Bonde EH, Beck MS, Goetzsche K, Bruggisser S, Fjorback LO.
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- provider
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- Introducing a mindfulness-based intervention in school curriculum to 16-24-year-olds. A nationwide cluster-randomized trial.
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- Juul L, Frydenberg M, Bonde EH, Beck MS, Goetzsche K, Bruggisser S, Fjorback LO.
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- 40789917
- urls
https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
- collections
language
- categories
Clinical & self-report
- targets
- None recorded
- neurotransmitters
- None recorded
- conditions
- None recorded
- condition Evidence
- None recorded
- age Groups
adolescents · youth · adults
- age Population
- record Id
- youth-pmid-40789917
- collections
language
- groups
adolescents · youth · adults
- reported Ages
- 16–24
- youth Scope
- focus
- youth Source Note
- The existing youth filter includes adolescents and source-defined young people. It does not establish a separate 16–24 estimate.
- age Fit
- direct
- source URL
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/
- basis Type
- selected-methods-ai-editorial-assessment
- classification Note
- Broad groups describe source-reported populations or review scope. Eligibility and study mean ages are not observed participant ranges; read the reported-age wording.
- community Matches
- None recorded
- kind
- Journal article
- design
- Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
- origin
- approved-youth-20261102
- priority
- 1
- quotes
- None recorded
- finding
- Primary wellbeing outcome did not improve overall at three or six months. Small female secondary-school subgroup signal at three months was not sustained.
- summary
- Primary wellbeing outcome did not improve overall at three or six months. Small female secondary-school subgroup signal at three months was not sustained.
- limitation
- School/student attrition, self-report and subgroup multiplicity. Registration occurred during the 2019–2021 study. Teacher reports of no intervention-related events do not prove absence of harms.
- evidence
- evidence Type
- Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
- intervention
- Teacher training plus ten classroom mindfulness sessions versus usual teaching
- provider
- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
- sample
- 989 students, 43 schools; follow-up from 696 students in 31 schools
- population
- age
- 16–24
- age Fit
- direct
- sample
- 989 students, 43 schools; follow-up from 696 students in 31 schools
- setting
- Not separately established; see population/intervention description
- community
- Not assigned
- measurement
- Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
- trial Id
- publication-40789917
- trial Registries
NCT04610333
- registry Scope
- Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
- relationship Note
- Direct age-match argues against universal guaranteed benefit; test optional, tailored formats and record adverse experiences. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- measured Genes
- None recorded
- pathways
- None recorded
- quality
- tier
- priority
- qualification
- Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
- formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
- false
- jadad Score
- Not recorded
- masking Roles
- Allocator independent of recruitment; schools sorted by random number before alternate allocation. Participant/teacher masking not feasible.
- harms And Attrition
- Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
- source Access
- scope
- selected-methods
- full Text Cached
- true
- methods Inspected
- true
- full Text Appraisal Claim
- false
- level
- selected-methods
- source URLs
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- study Design Assessment
- category
- rct-masking-unclear
- is Randomized Controlled Trial
- true
- peer Reviewed
- true
- basis
- Nationwide cluster-randomized trial
- masking Roles
- Allocator independent of recruitment; schools sorted by random number before alternate allocation. Participant/teacher masking not feasible.
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
- review Scope
- selected-methods
- paper Trust Assessment
- score
- 2
- display Crosses
- 2
- scope
- Paper
- status
- assessed
- rating Scale
- library-trust-factor/1-3
- randomized Controlled Trial
- true
- peer Reviewed
- true
- blinding
- not-confirmed
- masking Roles
- Allocator independent of recruitment; schools sorted by random number before alternate allocation. Participant/teacher masking not feasible.
- basis
- Nationwide cluster-randomized trial
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
- assessed At
- 2026-11-02
- review Scope
- selected-methods
- human Approval
- false
- review Limit
- AI source-based design assessment; human content sign-off is recorded separately.
- jadad
- status
- unassessed
- score
- Not recorded
- citation Count
- Not recorded
- citation Snapshot
- count
- Not recorded
- source
- Not recorded
- retrieved At
- Not recorded
- status
- not-assessed
- publication Approval
- status
- approved-for-publication
- approved By
- Ben Korbel
- approved At
- 2026-11-02
- assessment
- AI assessed; human approved for publication
- scope
- Approved research summaries for Informatics staging. No clinical peer review, treatment recommendation, partner endorsement or production release is claimed.
- source Revision
- r1-9360fb597342
- source Content Hash
- 9360fb5973425adb27313184f2a4ad1e354fe3808a10cc13c03f59cd4dbb0aa0
- source Access
- scope
- selected-methods
- full Text Cached
- true
- methods Inspected
- true
- full Text Appraisal Claim
- false
- level
- selected-methods
- source URLs
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- study Family Id
- publication-40789917
- randomized Study Unit Id
- publication-40789917
- institutions
- None recorded
- institution Evidence
- None recorded
- research Topics
Mindfulness
- lab Relevance
- relationship
- limits
- implication
- Direct age-match argues against universal guaranteed benefit; test optional, tailored formats and record adverse experiences.
- transfer Limit
- Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- publication Status
- pmid
- 40789917
- checked At
- 2026-11-02T01:32:46.780458+00:00
- pub Types
research-article · Journal Article
- indexed Notices
- None recorded
- crossref Updates
- None recorded
- notice Records
- None recorded
- scope
- Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
- notice Summary
- Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
- approaches
Mindfulness
- record Id
- youth-pmid-40789917
- source Pages
- None recorded
- assessment Record
- id
- youth-pmid-40789917
- title
- Introducing a mindfulness-based intervention in school curriculum to 16-24-year-olds. A nationwide cluster-randomized trial.
- authors
- Juul L, Frydenberg M, Bonde EH, Beck MS, Goetzsche K, Bruggisser S, Fjorback LO.
- year
- 2025
- journal
- Npj mental health research
- doi
- 10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w
- pmid
- 40789917
- pmcid
- PMC12340006
- trial Registries
NCT04610333
- registry Scope
- Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
- collection
- youth-20261102
- topics
Mindfulness
- institutions
- None recorded
- institution Evidence
- None recorded
- publication Type
research-article · Journal Article
- study Family Id
- publication-40789917
- randomized Study Unit Id
- publication-40789917
- existing Repository Matches
- None recorded
- population
- age
- 16–24
- age Fit
- direct
- sample
- 989 students, 43 schools; follow-up from 696 students in 31 schools
- setting
- Not separately established; see population/intervention description
- community
- Not assigned
- intervention
- description And Dose
- Teacher training plus ten classroom mindfulness sessions versus usual teaching
- provider
- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
- design
- description
- Nationwide cluster-randomized trial
- category
- randomized-report
- randomization Methods Inspected
- true
- masking
- Allocator independent of recruitment; schools sorted by random number before alternate allocation. Participant/teacher masking not feasible.
- double Blinding Verified
- false
- proposed Crosses
- 2
- approved Crosses
- Not recorded
- findings
- Primary wellbeing outcome did not improve overall at three or six months. Small female secondary-school subgroup signal at three months was not sustained.
- limitations
- School/student attrition, self-report and subgroup multiplicity. Registration occurred during the 2019–2021 study. Teacher reports of no intervention-related events do not prove absence of harms.
- harms And Attrition
- Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
- lab Relevance
- relationship
- limits
- implication
- Direct age-match argues against universal guaranteed benefit; test optional, tailored formats and record adverse experiences.
- transfer Limit
- Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- source Access
- scope
- selected-methods
- full Text Cached
- true
- methods Inspected
- true
- full Text Appraisal Claim
- false
- sources
- type
- primary bibliographic record
- url
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- sha256
- b91bb639087e977202159ab0bbf2578ecbe40555d05d50c8930f5a81e1c7cf09
- hash Scope
- normalized Europe PMC core metadata snapshot
- type
- publisher DOI
- url
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- type
- PMC article
- url
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- access
- Full text cached
- type
- full-text-xml
- url
- https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02T01:21:27.950587+00:00
- sha256
- e94575e78f31999f5b47a063549cd09ffdd78cc08cd113e55f1f09a49dabbe6f
- type
- DOI-metadata
- url
- https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02T01:21:29.012425+00:00
- sha256
- 749763f82317d7bc54781afec3e6dc1d81c8cf40df8058ecb0a35decd26ad09e
- publication Status
- pmid
- 40789917
- checked At
- 2026-11-02T01:32:46.780458+00:00
- pub Types
research-article · Journal Article
- indexed Notices
- None recorded
- crossref Updates
- None recorded
- notice Records
- None recorded
- scope
- Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
- notice Summary
- Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
- quality
- tier
- priority
- qualification
- Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
- formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
- false
- jadad Score
- Not recorded
- review Ready
- true
- hold Reason
- Not recorded
- duplicate Of
- Not recorded
- review
- status
- pending
- reviewer
- Not recorded
- approved At
- Not recorded
- decision Scope
- Ben reviews proposed content and release; full medical-paper reading is not required.
- provenance
- Discovered and appraised by AI; pending human content sign-off
- production Eligible
- false
- approved Retrieval Eligible
- false
- selected Corpus References
youth-pmid-30345511 · youth-pmid-35820989 · youth-pmid-35820992 · youth-pmid-35820993
- reference Scope
- Explicit publisher reference identifiers; citation is not proof of inclusion in a meta-analysis.
- content Hash
- 9360fb5973425adb27313184f2a4ad1e354fe3808a10cc13c03f59cd4dbb0aa0
- revision
- r1-9360fb597342
- archive Entries
- None recorded
- collection
- language
- chapter Number
- 6
- topic Id
- mindfulness-youth
- topic Title
- Mindfulness for youth
- trust Score
- 2
- evidence
- evidence Type
- Randomized controlled trial report · double blinding not verified
- intervention
- Teacher training plus ten classroom mindfulness sessions versus usual teaching
- provider
- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
- sample
- 989 students, 43 schools; follow-up from 696 students in 31 schools
- population
- age
- 16–24
- age Fit
- direct
- sample
- 989 students, 43 schools; follow-up from 696 students in 31 schools
- setting
- Not separately established; see population/intervention description
- community
- Not assigned
- measurement
- Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
- trial Id
- publication-40789917
- trial Registries
NCT04610333
- registry Scope
- Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
- relationship Note
- Direct age-match argues against universal guaranteed benefit; test optional, tailored formats and record adverse experiences. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- measured Genes
- None recorded
- pathways
- None recorded
- quality
- tier
- priority
- qualification
- Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
- formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
- false
- jadad Score
- Not recorded
- masking Roles
- Allocator independent of recruitment; schools sorted by random number before alternate allocation. Participant/teacher masking not feasible.
- harms And Attrition
- Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
- source Access
- scope
- selected-methods
- full Text Cached
- true
- methods Inspected
- true
- full Text Appraisal Claim
- false
- level
- selected-methods
- source URLs
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789917/ · https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-025-00150-w · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12340006/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12340006/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1038%2Fs44184-025-00150-w
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- jadad
- status
- unassessed
- score
- Not recorded
- condition Evidence
- None recorded
- conditions
- None recorded
- topic Trust Scores
3 · 2
- full Text
- status
- not-indexed
- retrieval Available
- false