The impact of sound intervention on sleep quality and stress levels in college students: a randomized controlled trial.
Hou H, Wang J, Yue X. · Frontiers in psychology · 2026 · Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
Original publication · Original publication · Original publication · Original publication · Original publication
Recorded summary
Self-reported sleep and stress improved with the audio interventions; stress reductions favoured beats plus music. Cortisol showed a time effect but no group difference. The design does not isolate beats from music or expectancy.
Recorded limitations
Small sample, no music-only active control, unblinded self-reports and one daily cortisol time point.
Evidence and provenance
Chapter Trust Factor uses a minimum of three distinct qualifying studies. Publication records retain their own evidence and assessment.
Study design and assessment
- design
- Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
- assessment
- category
- single-blind-rct
- is Randomized Controlled Trial
- true
- peer Reviewed
- true
- basis
- rct
- masking Roles
- participants
- Unblinded
- providers
- Unblinded
- assessors
- Blinded
- analysts
- Blinded
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42389090/ · https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13318881/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13318881/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2026.1859138
- review Scope
- selected-methods
- trust Factor
- score
- 2
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- 2
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- Paper
- status
- assessed
- rating Scale
- library-trust-factor/1-3
- randomized Controlled Trial
- true
- peer Reviewed
- true
- blinding
- single
- masking Roles
- participants
- Unblinded
- providers
- Unblinded
- assessors
- Blinded
- analysts
- Blinded
- basis
- rct
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42389090/ · https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13318881/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13318881/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2026.1859138
- assessed At
- 2026-11-02
- review Scope
- selected-methods
- human Approval
- false
- review Limit
- AI source-based design assessment; human content sign-off is recorded separately.
- jadad
- status
- unassessed
- score
- Not recorded
- evidence
- evidence Type
- Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
- intervention
- Pink noise plus music, binaural beats plus music, or routine; 30 minutes before bed, five nights weekly for four weeks; follow-up at week six.
- provider
- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
- sample
- 66 randomized, 22 per arm.
- population
- age
- 18–25 years, college students with poor sleep; diagnosed psychiatric disorders excluded.
- age Fit
- mixed-overlap
- sample
- 66 randomized, 22 per arm.
- setting
- Not separately established; see population/intervention description
- community
- Not assigned
- measurement
- Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
- trial Id
- publication-42389090
- trial Registries
- None recorded
- registry Scope
- Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
- relationship Note
- Test accessible audio experiences with appropriate active comparators and immediate stress measures; avoid endocrine claims. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- measured Genes
- None recorded
- pathways
- None recorded
- quality
- tier
- qualified
- qualification
- Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
- formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
- false
- jadad Score
- Not recorded
- masking Roles
- participants
- Unblinded
- providers
- Unblinded
- assessors
- Blinded
- analysts
- Blinded
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- Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
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- full Text Cached
- true
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- true
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- false
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42389090/ · https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13318881/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13318881/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2026.1859138
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
Topics and recorded topic scores
- key
- sound:universal-mind-mobile-lab
- title
- Universal Mind Mobile Lab · Direct response and inspired by
- collection
- sound
- trust Score
- 2
- key
- sound:music-youth
- title
- Music listening and therapy for youth
- collection
- sound
- trust Score
- 2
- key
- sound:sound-entrainment-youth
- title
- Sound and brain entrainment for youth
- collection
- sound
- trust Score
- 1
Citation snapshot and identifiers
- id
- youth-pmid-42389090
- doi
- 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138
- pmid
- 42389090
- citation Snapshot
- count
- Not recorded
- source
- Not recorded
- retrieved At
- Not recorded
- status
- not-assessed
- citations By Collection
- sound
- Not recorded
Complete approved library record
- lab Relevance
- relationship
- inspired-by
- implication
- Test accessible audio experiences with appropriate active comparators and immediate stress measures; avoid endocrine claims.
- transfer Limit
- Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- institutions
- None recorded
- institution Evidence
- None recorded
- research Topics
Music / creative participation · Sound / brain entrainment
- publication Status
- pmid
- 42389090
- checked At
- 2026-11-02T01:32:46.789244+00:00
- pub Types
research-article · Journal Article
- indexed Notices
- None recorded
- crossref Updates
- None recorded
- notice Records
- None recorded
- scope
- Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
- notice Summary
- Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
- randomized Study Unit Id
- publication-42389090
- publication Approval
- status
- approved-for-publication
- approved By
- Ben Korbel
- approved At
- 2026-11-02
- assessment
- AI assessed; human approved for publication
- scope
- Approved research summaries for Informatics staging. No clinical peer review, treatment recommendation, partner endorsement or production release is claimed.
- source Revision
- r1-c1826a82a11f
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- study Family Id
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- approaches
Music / creative participation · Sound / brain entrainment
- id
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- aliases
- None recorded
- title
- The impact of sound intervention on sleep quality and stress levels in college students: a randomized controlled trial.
- journal
- Frontiers in psychology
- neurotransmitters
- None recorded
- year
- 2026
- authors
- Hou H, Wang J, Yue X.
- design
- Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
- kind
- Journal article
- identity Conflict
- Not recorded
- doi
- 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138
- pmid
- 42389090
- urls
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42389090/ · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13318881/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13318881/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2026.1859138
- collections
sound
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Clinical & self-report
- targets
- None recorded
- priority
- 1
- quotes
- None recorded
- summary
- Self-reported sleep and stress improved with the audio interventions; stress reductions favoured beats plus music. Cortisol showed a time effect but no group difference. The design does not isolate beats from music or expectancy.
- limitation
- Small sample, no music-only active control, unblinded self-reports and one daily cortisol time point.
- citation Count
- Not recorded
- citation Snapshot
- count
- Not recorded
- source
- Not recorded
- retrieved At
- Not recorded
- status
- not-assessed
- study Design Assessment
- category
- single-blind-rct
- is Randomized Controlled Trial
- true
- peer Reviewed
- true
- basis
- rct
- masking Roles
- participants
- Unblinded
- providers
- Unblinded
- assessors
- Blinded
- analysts
- Blinded
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42389090/ · https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13318881/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13318881/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2026.1859138
- review Scope
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- randomized Controlled Trial
- true
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- Unblinded
- providers
- Unblinded
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- Blinded
- analysts
- Blinded
- basis
- rct
- sources
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42389090/ · https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13318881/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13318881/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2026.1859138
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- title
- Universal Mind Mobile Lab · Direct response and inspired by
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- journal Label
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- aliases
- None recorded
- title
- The impact of sound intervention on sleep quality and stress levels in college students: a randomized controlled trial.
- authors
- Hou H, Wang J, Yue X.
- year
- 2026
- journal
- Frontiers in psychology
- doi
- 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138
- pmid
- 42389090
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- collections
sound
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Clinical & self-report
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- None recorded
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stress · sleep
- condition Evidence
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- text
- The impact of sound intervention on sleep quality and stress levels in college students: a randomized controlled trial.
- matched Text
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- matched Text
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sound
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youth · adults
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- finding
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- summary
- Self-reported sleep and stress improved with the audio interventions; stress reductions favoured beats plus music. Cortisol showed a time effect but no group difference. The design does not isolate beats from music or expectancy.
- limitation
- Small sample, no music-only active control, unblinded self-reports and one daily cortisol time point.
- evidence
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- Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
- intervention
- Pink noise plus music, binaural beats plus music, or routine; 30 minutes before bed, five nights weekly for four weeks; follow-up at week six.
- provider
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- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
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- population
- age
- 18–25 years, college students with poor sleep; diagnosed psychiatric disorders excluded.
- age Fit
- mixed-overlap
- sample
- 66 randomized, 22 per arm.
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- measurement
- Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
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- formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42389090/ · https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13318881/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13318881/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2026.1859138
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Music / creative participation · Sound / brain entrainment
- lab Relevance
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- implication
- Test accessible audio experiences with appropriate active comparators and immediate stress measures; avoid endocrine claims.
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- The impact of sound intervention on sleep quality and stress levels in college students: a randomized controlled trial.
- authors
- Hou H, Wang J, Yue X.
- year
- 2026
- journal
- Frontiers in psychology
- doi
- 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138
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- setting
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- community
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- Pink noise plus music, binaural beats plus music, or routine; 30 minutes before bed, five nights weekly for four weeks; follow-up at week six.
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- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
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- Small sample, no music-only active control, unblinded self-reports and one daily cortisol time point.
- harms And Attrition
- Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
- lab Relevance
- relationship
- inspired-by
- implication
- Test accessible audio experiences with appropriate active comparators and immediate stress measures; avoid endocrine claims.
- transfer Limit
- Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
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- Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
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- The impact of sound intervention on sleep quality and stress levels in college students: a randomized controlled trial.
- authors
- Hou H, Wang J, Yue X.
- year
- 2026
- journal
- Frontiers in psychology
- doi
- 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138
- pmid
- 42389090
- pmcid
- PMC13318881
- trial Registries
- None recorded
- registry Scope
- Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
- collection
- youth-20261102
- topics
Music / creative participation · Sound / brain entrainment
- institutions
- None recorded
- institution Evidence
- None recorded
- publication Type
research-article · Journal Article
- study Family Id
- publication-42389090
- randomized Study Unit Id
- publication-42389090
- existing Repository Matches
- None recorded
- population
- age
- 18–25 years, college students with poor sleep; diagnosed psychiatric disorders excluded.
- age Fit
- mixed-overlap
- sample
- 66 randomized, 22 per arm.
- setting
- Not separately established; see population/intervention description
- community
- Not assigned
- intervention
- description And Dose
- Pink noise plus music, binaural beats plus music, or routine; 30 minutes before bed, five nights weekly for four weeks; follow-up at week six.
- provider
- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
- design
- description
- rct
- category
- randomized-report
- randomization Methods Inspected
- true
- masking
- participants
- Unblinded
- providers
- Unblinded
- assessors
- Blinded
- analysts
- Blinded
- double Blinding Verified
- false
- proposed Crosses
- 2
- approved Crosses
- Not recorded
- findings
- Self-reported sleep and stress improved with the audio interventions; stress reductions favoured beats plus music. Cortisol showed a time effect but no group difference. The design does not isolate beats from music or expectancy.
- limitations
- Small sample, no music-only active control, unblinded self-reports and one daily cortisol time point.
- harms And Attrition
- Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
- lab Relevance
- relationship
- inspired-by
- implication
- Test accessible audio experiences with appropriate active comparators and immediate stress measures; avoid endocrine claims.
- transfer Limit
- Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- source Access
- scope
- selected-methods
- full Text Cached
- true
- methods Inspected
- true
- full Text Appraisal Claim
- false
- sources
- type
- primary bibliographic record
- url
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42389090/
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- sha256
- 6ffaf64e2343c192d2c534928195a084119d83545037c48190c116c072808067
- hash Scope
- normalized Europe PMC core metadata snapshot
- type
- publisher DOI
- url
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- type
- PMC article
- url
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13318881/
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- access
- Full text cached
- type
- full-text-xml
- url
- https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13318881/fullTextXML
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02T00:59:20.163121+00:00
- sha256
- 34a776faefa7aa94022ec952b4db9c7b8c539f671bb939c8a4f9aab926573785
- type
- DOI-metadata
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- https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2026.1859138
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02T00:59:20.166393+00:00
- sha256
- f81bef5813ade037c322f7837d37e6d62774495e0cc4d7a20c279ae5e6ce2de4
- publication Status
- pmid
- 42389090
- checked At
- 2026-11-02T01:32:46.789244+00:00
- pub Types
research-article · Journal Article
- indexed Notices
- None recorded
- crossref Updates
- None recorded
- notice Records
- None recorded
- scope
- Europe PMC indexed publication types/linked notices, publisher JATS related articles and Crossref update-to metadata; absence is not a guarantee of no notice.
- notice Summary
- Indexed related notices are retained below; no retraction identified in this bounded metadata check. This is not an exhaustive guarantee.
- quality
- tier
- qualified
- qualification
- Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
- formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
- false
- jadad Score
- Not recorded
- review Ready
- true
- hold Reason
- Not recorded
- duplicate Of
- Not recorded
- review
- status
- pending
- reviewer
- Not recorded
- approved At
- Not recorded
- decision Scope
- Ben reviews proposed content and release; full medical-paper reading is not required.
- provenance
- Discovered and appraised by AI; pending human content sign-off
- production Eligible
- false
- approved Retrieval Eligible
- false
- selected Corpus References
- None recorded
- reference Scope
- Explicit publisher reference identifiers; citation is not proof of inclusion in a meta-analysis.
- content Hash
- c1826a82a11f0e49d407e58aa22fdbafe4b8dba3780b7cb6b026ce681ffefbf2
- revision
- r1-c1826a82a11f
- archive Entries
- None recorded
- collection
- sound
- chapter Number
- 8
- topic Id
- sound-entrainment-youth
- topic Title
- Sound and brain entrainment for youth
- trust Score
- 1
- evidence
- evidence Type
- Randomized controlled trial report · single masked role verified
- intervention
- Pink noise plus music, binaural beats plus music, or routine; 30 minutes before bed, five nights weekly for four weeks; follow-up at week six.
- provider
- Not separately established; clinician/teacher/app details, if known, are retained in the intervention description
- comparator
- See design/intervention description; otherwise unknown
- sample
- 66 randomized, 22 per arm.
- population
- age
- 18–25 years, college students with poor sleep; diagnosed psychiatric disorders excluded.
- age Fit
- mixed-overlap
- sample
- 66 randomized, 22 per arm.
- setting
- Not separately established; see population/intervention description
- community
- Not assigned
- measurement
- Specific outcomes are reported in the finding and retained appraisal.
- trial Id
- publication-42389090
- trial Registries
- None recorded
- registry Scope
- Identifiers explicitly reported in article abstract; other registrations remain unverified
- relationship Note
- Test accessible audio experiences with appropriate active comparators and immediate stress measures; avoid endocrine claims. Component evidence does not establish efficacy of the combined Universal Mind lab model.
- measured Genes
- None recorded
- pathways
- None recorded
- quality
- tier
- qualified
- qualification
- Qualified for the stated design-specific use in a rapid methods-based review, not necessarily low risk of bias or high certainty.
- formal Risk Of Bias Tool Applied
- false
- jadad Score
- Not recorded
- masking Roles
- participants
- Unblinded
- providers
- Unblinded
- assessors
- Blinded
- analysts
- Blinded
- harms And Attrition
- Not systematically extracted beyond findings/limitations; absence of reporting is not evidence of no harm
- source Access
- scope
- selected-methods
- full Text Cached
- true
- methods Inspected
- true
- full Text Appraisal Claim
- false
- level
- selected-methods
- source URLs
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42389090/ · https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859138 · https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13318881/ · https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13318881/fullTextXML · https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2026.1859138
- retrieved At
- 2026-11-02
- jadad
- status
- unassessed
- score
- Not recorded
- condition Evidence
- id
- stress
- evidence
- field
- title
- text
- The impact of sound intervention on sleep quality and stress levels in college students: a randomized controlled trial.
- matched Text
- stress
- field
- findings
- text
- Self-reported sleep and stress improved with the audio interventions; stress reductions favoured beats plus music. Cortisol showed a time effect but no group difference. The design does not isolate beats from music or expectancy.
- matched Text
- stress
- scope
- Studied topic or reported outcome, including null findings; no diagnosis, benefit or subgroup membership is inferred.
- id
- sleep
- evidence
- field
- title
- text
- The impact of sound intervention on sleep quality and stress levels in college students: a randomized controlled trial.
- matched Text
- sleep
- field
- findings
- text
- Self-reported sleep and stress improved with the audio interventions; stress reductions favoured beats plus music. Cortisol showed a time effect but no group difference. The design does not isolate beats from music or expectancy.
- matched Text
- sleep
- scope
- Studied topic or reported outcome, including null findings; no diagnosis, benefit or subgroup membership is inferred.
- conditions
stress · sleep
- topic Trust Scores
2 · 1
- full Text
- status
- not-indexed
- retrieval Available
- false